Nursing Study Guide - Flashcards Nutrition

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering key concepts related to nutrition, pain management, oxygenation, IV therapy, patient education, urinary and bowel elimination.

Macronutrients

Nutrients that supply energy and build tissue: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Micronutrients

Nutrients that regulate and control body processes: vitamins and minerals.

BMR

Basal Metabolic Rate: energy required to fuel involuntary body activities at rest after 12 hours.

Factors increasing BMR

Growth, infections, fever, emotional tension, extreme temperatures, elevated hormones.

Factors decreasing BMR

Aging, prolonged fasting, and sleep.

BMI Calculation

Weight in kg divided by height in meters squared (kg/m^2).

Waist Circumference indicating disease risk

=40 inches for men, >=35 inches for women.

Primary function of carbohydrates

To supply energy.

RDA for protein in adults

0.8 g/kg of body weight; 10-35% of total calorie intake.

Complete proteins

Proteins with all essential amino acids; found in animal sources, soy, and quinoa.

Saturated vs Unsaturated fats

Saturated fats raise cholesterol (animal fats); unsaturated fats lower it (vegetable fats).

Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, and K.

Water-soluble vitamins

Vitamin C and B-complex vitamins.

Macrominerals

Calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium, chloride, potassium, magnesium.

Percentage of adult body weight that is water

50% to 60%.

Pain

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.

Four processes of nociception

Transduction, Transmission, Perception, Modulation.

A-delta fibers

Fast-conducting fibers for acute, localized pain.

C fibers

Slow-conducting fibers for diffuse, aching, burning pain.

Endorphins

Natural opioid neuromodulators that block pain and produce euphoria.

Acute pain

Rapid onset, mild to severe, protective in nature, resolves with healing.

Chronic pain

Persistent or intermittent pain lasting beyond normal healing time.

Referred pain

Pain perceived in an area distant from its origin.

Nonpharmacologic pain relief methods

Massage, heat/cold, relaxation, imagery, TENS, distraction.

Opioid side effects

Respiratory depression, sedation, nausea, constipation.

PCA

Patient-Controlled Analgesia: allows self-administration of pain meds within safety limits.

Three types of pain responses

Physiologic (involuntary), Behavioral (voluntary), Affective (psychological).

Ventilation

Movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Respiration

Gas exchange between alveoli and blood.

Perfusion

Oxygenated blood passing through body tissues.

Signs of hypoxia

Dyspnea, increased BP, pulse, pallor, cyanosis, anxiety, confusion.

Normal SpO2 range

95% to 100%.

Pursed-lip breathing

Breathing technique that prolongs exhalation to improve gas exchange.

Incentive spirometry

Device to encourage deep breathing and prevent atelectasis.

Oxygen delivery devices

Nasal cannula, simple mask, non-rebreather, Venturi mask, etc.

Flow rate for nasal cannula

1-6 L/min (FiO2 24%-44%).

Inhaled medications for oxygenation

Bronchodilators, mucolytics, corticosteroids.

Chest physiotherapy

Percussion, vibration, postural drainage to mobilize secretions.

Isotonic solutions

Same osmolality as plasma; increase ECF volume (e.g., 0.9% NaCl, LR).

Hypotonic solutions

Lower osmolality; move water into cells (e.g., 0.45% NaCl).

Hypertonic solutions

Higher osmolality; draw water out of cells (e.g., D5NS, D5LR).

Infiltration

IV fluid leaks into surrounding tissue; causes swelling, pain, coolness.

Phlebitis

Vein inflammation; redness, warmth, tenderness.

PICC line

Peripherally inserted central catheter for long-term therapy.

TPN

Total Parenteral Nutrition: hypertonic solution with amino acids, carbs, lipids via central line.

Signs of fluid overload

Increased BP, JVD, dyspnea, rapid breathing.

Drop factor formula

IV rate = (mL x gtt factor) / time in minutes.

Three domains of learning

Cognitive (thinking), Affective (feeling), Psychomotor (doing).

Health literacy

Ability to obtain, read, understand, and act on health information.

'Ask Me 3' questions

1. What is my main problem? 2. What do I need to do? 3. Why is it important?

Promotes learning

Perceived benefit, motivation, repetition, support, low-stimulus environment.

Teach-back method

Patient repeats information to confirm understanding.

Anuria

Urine output <50 mL in 24 hours.

Normal urine color and odor

Yellow, clear, non-ammonia smelling.

Nocturia

Excessive urination at night.

Kegel exercises

Pelvic floor exercises to improve urinary control.

CAUTI prevention

Hand hygiene, sterile technique, early removal, secure catheter.

Suprapubic catheter

Catheter inserted surgically into the bladder through the abdomen.

Peristalsis

Involuntary muscle contractions moving contents through intestines.

Bristol Stool Chart

Classifies stool into 7 types from hard lumps to watery.

Constipating foods

Cheese, lean meat, eggs, pasta.

Laxative foods

Fruits, vegetables, bran, chocolate, alcohol, coffee.

Fecal impaction

Hardened stool retained in rectum.

Types of enemas

Cleansing, retention (oil, medicated, carminative, anthelmintic).

Signs of colon cancer

Change in bowel pattern, blood in stool, pain, incomplete emptying.