Counseling and Helping Relationships

Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory. According to Freud’s theory, inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the personality. _________ and __________, who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology respectively

a. Carl Jung and Alfred Adler
b. Alfred Adler and Carl Jung
c. Josef Breuer and A. A. Brill
d. Alfred Adler and Rollo May

B. Adler and Jung

Eric Berne’s transactional analysis posits three ego states: The child, the adult, and the parent. These roughly correspond to Freud’s structural theory that includes:

a. oral, anal, and phallic
b. unconscious, preconscious, and conscious
c. a and b
d. id, ego, and superego

D. Id, Ego, and Superego

In transactional analysis, the _____ is the conscious, or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it is the ______

a. adult; unconscious
b. parent; ego
c. parent, superego
d. parent, id

C. Parent; Superego

Freud felt that successful resolution of the Oedipus complex led to the development of the superego. This is accomplished by the:

a. identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex
b. analysis during the childhood years
c. identification with the parent of the opposite sex, the aggressor
d. transference

A. Identification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex

Freudians refer to the ego as:

a. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle
b. the guardian angel of the mind
c. the pleasure principle
d. the seat of libido

A. The executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle

The ego governs/acts as a police officer to control the impulses of the id (instincts) and the superego (the conscience)

Freud’s theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens self-destructive acts is being ruled primarily by:

a. eros
b. eros and id
c. thanatos
d. both eros and thanantos

C. Thanatos

Thanatos is the Greek word for death, think Thanos snap

The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the:

a. reality principle
b. notion of transference
c. eros principle
d. pleasure principle, suggesting human’s desire instinct gratification such as libido, sex, or eliminating hunger or thirst

D. Pleasure principal

If you think of the mind as a seesaw, the fulcrum/balancing apparatus would be the:

a. id, which has no concept of rationality or time
b. ego
c. superego, which judges behavior as right or wrong
d. BASIC-ID

B. Ego

A therapist who says to a patient “say whatever comes to mind” is practicing:

a. directive counseling
b. transactional analysis
c. paraphrasing
d. free association

D. Free association

The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for _________, rather than _______ like the id

a. perfection; pleasure
b. pleasure, perfection
c. morals, ethics
d. logic, reality

A. Perfection; Pleasure

All these theorists would be associated with the analytic movement except:

a. Freud
b. Jung
c. Adler
d. Wolpe

D. Wolpe

Most scholars would assert that Freud’s 1900 work entitle The Interpretation of Dreams was his most influential. Dreams have:

a. manifest and latent content
b. preconscious and unconscious factors
c. id and ego
d. superego and id

A. Manifest and latent content

According to Freud, the dream is composed of a surface meaning, which is the manifest content, and then a hidden meaning, which is latent content

When the client projects unconscious feeling towards the therapist that they originally had toward a significant other, it is called:

a. free association
b. insight
c. transference
d. resistance

C. Transference

Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?

a. Little Hans
b. Little Albert
c. Anna O.
d. Daniel Paul Schreber

B. Little Albert

In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy:

a. utilizes fewer sessions per week
b. does not utilize the couch
c. is performed face to face
d. all of the above

D. All of the above

Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings is a curative process known as:

a. catharsis/abreaction
b. resistance
c. accurate empathy
d. reflection of emotional content

A. Catharsis/Abreaction

Id, ego, an superego is to structural theory as _________ id to topographical theory

a. child, adult, parent
b. abreaction, catharsis, introspection
c. ego ideal
d. unconscious, preconscious, conscious

D. Unconscious, preconscious. and conscious

Remember topographical is when the mind is seen as an iceberg

The most controversial aspect of Freud’s theory is:

a. catharsis
b. the Oedipus complex
c. the notion of the preconscious mind
d. the interpretation of dreams

B. Oedipus complex

Evidence for the unconscious mind comes from all of these, except:

a. hypnosis
b. slips of the tongue and humor
c. dreams
d. subjective units of distress scale (SUDS)

D. Subjective units of distress scale (SUDS)

In a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about two and one-half minutes. The client then began to remember. This exchange most likely illustrates:

a. preconscious mind
b. ego ideal
c. conscious mind
d. unconscious mind

A. Preconscious mind

The conscious mind is focused on the here and now
The preconscious mind brings things into awareness

Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id, ego, or superego demands are called:

a. slips of the tongue
b. ego defense mechanisms
c. id defense processes
d. latent dream material

B. Ego defense mechanisms

Ego defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies, which distort reality and are based on self-deception to protect out self-image

Most therapists agree that ego defense mechanism are unconscious and deny/distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement are ego defense mechanisms. According to Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is:

a. repression
b. reaction formation
c. denial
d. sublimination

A. Repression

Suppression differs from repression in that:

a. suppression is stronger
b. repression only occurs in children
c. repression is automatic/involuntary
d. all of the above

C. Repression is automatic/involuntary

Some exams refer to suppression as denial

An aggressive person who becomes a professional boxer because they are sadistic is displaying:

a. suppression
b. repression
c. sublimination
d. displacement

C. Sublimination

Sublimination is when a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially appropriate way

An advertising agency secretly imbeds the word SEX into newspaper ads intended to advertise the center’s chemical dependency program. This is the practice of:

a. sublimination
b. repression
c. introjection
d. none of the above

D. None of the above

Sublimination and subliminal are NOT the same thing, subliminal perception occurs (supposedly) when you perceive something unconsciously and it then impacts your behavior

A man receives an nickel an hour pay raise. He was expecting a $1 per hour pay raise. He is furious but nonassertive. He thus smiles and thanks his boss. That night he yells at his wife for not apparent reason. This is an example of:

a. displacement
b. denial
c. identification
d. Type II error

A. Displacement

A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of “F” in P.E. that marred his fourth-year perfect 4.0 GPA, inasmuch as “straight A students are eggheads”. This demonstrates:

a. introjection
b. reaction formation
c. sour grapes rationalization
d. sweet lemon rationalization

C. Sour grapes rationalization

In rationalization, a person either underrates a reward (sour grapes- “I didn’t want it anyway”) or overrates a reward (sweet lemon- “actually this is a good thing”) to protect the self from a bruised ego

A master’s level counselor lands an entry-level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air conditioned but the counselor insists that she likes this because sweating “really helps to keep my weight in check”. This illustrates:

a. sour grapes rationalization
b. sweet lemon rationalization
c. repression
d. sublimination

B. Sweet lemon rationalization

A teenager who had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He send in an entry form to play in the competition which begins the day after the accident. His behavior is influenced by:

a. denial
b. displacement of anger
c. sublimination
d. organ inferiority

A. Denial

_________ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window.

a. repression
b. sour grapes rationalization
c. projection
d. denial

C. Projection

A person who engages in projection attributes unacceptable qualities of their own to others (mom)

Mark is obsessed with stamping out porn. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so he can view the material. This is:

a. reaction formation
b. introjection
c. projection
d. rationalization

A. Reaction formation

In reaction formation, the person acts the opposite of the way they actually feel

Ted has always felt inferior intellectually. He currently work out at the gym for at least 4 hours a day and is taking massive doses of dangerous steroids to build his muscles. The ego defense mechanism in action here is:

a. reaction formation
b. compensation
c. projection
d. rationalization

B. Compensation

Compensation is when a person tries to develop or overdevelop a positive trait in order to make up for a limitation.

Jane feels very inferior. She is now president of the board at a shelter for the homeless. She seems to be obsessed with her work for the agency and spends every spare minute trying to help the cause. When asked to introduce herself in virtually any social situation, Jane responds with “I’m the president of the board for the homeless shelter”. Jane is engaging in:

a. projection
b. displacement
c. introjection
d. identification

D. Identification

S client who has incorporated his father’s values into his thought patterns is a product of:

a. introjection
b. repression
c. rationalization
d. displacement

A. Introjection

Sometimes introjection causes a person to accept an aggressor’s values.

The client’s tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process is known as:

a. resistance
b. sublimination
c. projection
d. individuation

A. Resistance

Freud has been called the most significant theorist in the entire history of psychology. His greatest contribution was his conceptualization of the unconscious mind. Critics, however, contend that:

a. he was too concerned with the totem and the taboo
b. he failed to emphasize sex
c. many aspects of his theory are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint
d. he was pro-female

C. Many aspects of his theories are difficult to test from a scientific standpoint

The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to:

a. help the therapist appear genuine
b. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes
c. make clients aware of nonverbal behaviors
d. help clients understand feelings and behaviors related to childhood

B. Make clients aware of unconscious processes

Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of:

a. C. G. Jung’s analytical psychology
b. Alfred Adler’s individual psychology
c. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
d. Josef Breuer’s work on hysteria

B. Adler’s individual psychology

Adler spent a lot of time as a child in the hospital, his main psychological goal is to escape deep-seated feelings of inferiority

When a client becomes aware of a factor in their life that was heretofore unknown, counselors refer to it as:

a. individual psychology
b. confrontation
c. transference neurosis
d. insight

D. Insight

C. G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the ______ principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the _______ principle.

a. Eros; Thanatos
b. Logos; Eros
c. reality; pleasure
d. transference; countertransference

B. Logos; Eros

Logos implies logic and Eros refers to intuition

Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them:

a. mandalas
b. projective drawings
c. unconscious automatic writing
d. eidetic imagery

A. Mandalas

____________ emphasized the drive for superiority.

a. Jung
b. Adler
c. constructivist therapists
d. Freud and Jung

B. Adler

The statement “sibling interaction may have more impact than parent-child interaction” describes:

a. Freud’s theory
b. Adler’s theory
c. insight
d. Jung’s theory

B. Adler

In contrast with Freud. the neo-Freudians emphasized:

a. baseline measures
b. social factors
c. unconditional positive regard
d. insight

B. Social Factors

The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with;

a. psychoanalysis
b. Freud
c. Adler
d. Jung

D. Jung

Introversion is finding pleasure within oneself and extroversion is the tendency to find pleasure in others

The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of:

a. psychoanalysis
b. Freud
c. Adler
d. Jung

D. Jung

One of Adler’s students, Rudolph Dreikurs:

a. created the TAT
b. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice
c. was a noted Freud hater
d. created the hierarchy of needs

B. Was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice

Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as:

a. superiority
b. social connectedness
c. the collective unconscious
d. animus

B. Social connectedness

Adler was one of the first therapists who relied on paradox. Using this strategy, a client (who was a student in a counselor prep program) who was afraid to give a presentation in from of his counseling class for fear he might shake and embarrass himself would be instructed to:

a. exaggerate the behavior and really do a through job shaking in front of the class
b. practice relaxation techniques for 10-20 mins before the speech
c. practice rational self-talk
d. practice rational thinking

A. Exaggerate the behavior and really do a thorough job shaking in front of the class

C. J. Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as _______ and women to deny their masculine side known as _______.

a. Eros; Thanatos
b. animus; anima
c. anima; animus
d. yin; yang

C. Anima: Animus

Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as:

a. a hierarchy of needs
b. instinctual
c. paradox
d. archetypes

D. Archetypes

Common archetypes include:

a. one persona- the mask/role we present to others to hide our true self
b. animus, anima, and self
c. shadow- the mask beyond the persona, which contains id-like material, denied, yet desired
d. all of the above

D. All of the above

A client is demonstrating inconsistent behavior. She is smiling but says that she is very sad about what she did. When her counselor points this out to her, the counselor’s verbal response would be known as:

a. active listening
b. confrontation
c. accurate empathy
d. summarization

B. Confrontation

During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. This counselor:

a. is using ACT, a mindfulness-based behavior therapy
b. is using Donald Mechenbaum’s cognitive behavior modification
c. is most likely a behaviorist concerned with symptom substitution
d. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution

D. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution

Behaviorists strive for symptom reduction and do not believe in symptom substitution

An eclectic counselor:

a. is analytic
b. is behavioristic
c. attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client’s attributes, resources, and situation
d. insists on including all family members in the treatment

C. Attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client’s attributes, resources, and situation

The word ‘eclectic’ is most closely associated with:

a. Frederick C. Thorne
b. Sigmund Freud
c. Jean Piaget
d. Burrhus Frederic Skinner

A. Thorne

A counselor who is obsessed with the fact that a client missed their session is the victim of:

a. cognitive dissonance
b. transference
c. countertransference
d. positive transference

C. Countertransference

In countertransference, the counselor’s past is projected onto the client and the helper’s objectivity suffers markedly

Lifestyle, birth order, and family constellation are emphasized by:

a. Freud
b. Jung
c. Adler
d. Thorne and Lazarus

C. Adler

A counselor who remarks that firstborn children are usually conservative but display leadership qualities is most likely:

a. Freudian, who believes in the unconscious mind
b. Adlerian, who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation
c. Rogerian, who stresses the importance of the therapeutic relationship
d. a behavior modifier using a behavior contract

B. Adlerian, who believes behavior must be studied in a social context; never in isolation

Existentialism is to logotherapy as ___________ is to behaviorism

a. operants
b. association
c. Skinner
d. Socrates

B. Association

This question is looking at the philosophy that contributed to the psychotherapy.

B. F. Skinner’s reinforcement theory elaborated on:

a. Edward Thorndike’s law of effect
b. Alfred Adler’s concept of lifestyle
c. Arnold Lazarus’s concept of the BASIC-ID used in the multimodal therapeutic approach that is eclectic and holistic
d. symptom solution

A. Thorndike’s law of effect

Classical conditioning relates to the work of:

a. E. C. Williamson
b. B. F. Skinner
c. Viktor Frankl, who created logotherapy
d. Ivan Pavlov

D. Pavlov

An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating (an unconditioned response or UCR) when food is presented is called:

a. an operant
b. a conditioned stimulus (CS)
c. an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
d. an acquisition period

C. An unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

conditioned= learned
unconditioned= unlearned

Skinner’s operant conditioning is also referred to as:

a. instrumental learning
b. classical conditioning
c. cognitive learning
d. learning via insight

A. Instrumental learning

Respondent behavior refers to:

a. reflexes
b. operants
c. a type of phobia
d. punishment

A. Reflexes

All reinforcers:

a. are plastic tokens
b. tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur
c. are secondary
d. do not raise behavior since negative reinforcement lowers behavior

B. Increase the probability that a behavior will occur (both positive and negative)

Negative reinforcement requires the withdrawal of an aversive (negative) stimulus to increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur. Negative reinforcement is not used as often as positive reinforcement and

a. is really the same as punishment
b. effectively lowers the frequency of behavior in young children
c. is not the same thing as punishment
d. is a psychodynamic conceptualization

C. Is not the same thing as punishment

If you take a pain pill and it relieves your pain, you are more likely to take it again when you have pain since it gave you relief from something unpleasant

Punishment:

a. is the same as negative reinforcement
b. is much more effective than reinforcement
c. decreases the probability that a behavior will occur
d. is used extensively in reality therapy

C. Decreases the probability that a behavior will occur

In Pavlov’s famous experiment using dogs, the bell was the ______ and the meat was the _________

a. CS; UCS
b. UCS; CS
c. CR; UCR
d. UCS; CR

A. Conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

The most effective time interval (temporal relation) between the CS and the US

a. is irrelevant- it does not influence the learning process
b. is 5 seconds
c. om the .05 level according to social scientists
d. is .5 or half a second

D. Is .5 or half a second

Many researchers have tried putting the UCS (the meat) before the CS (the bell). This usually results in:

a. increased learning
b. anger on the part of the dog
c. experimental neurosis
d. no conditioning

D. No conditioning

This is called backward conditioning, it normally does not work

Several graduate students in counseling trained a poodle to salivate to a child’s toy horn using Pavlov’s classical conditioning paradigm. One day the department chairman was driving across campus and honked his horn. Much to the chagrin of the students, the poodle began to salivate. What happened?

a. experimental neurosis had obviously set in
b. extinction
c. stimulus generalization or what Pavlov termed irradiation
d. stimulus discrimination

C. Stimulus generalization

The department chairman found the poodle’s response to his car horn humorous. He thus instructed the graduate students to train the dog to salivate only to his car horn and not the original toy bell. The graduate students w

The department chair was further amused by the poodle’s tendency to be able to discrimination on CS from another. He then told the students to teach the dog to salivate only to the horn on his Ford but not on on the graduate student’s Chevy truck. In reality, the horns on the two vehicles sounded nearly identical. The training was seemingly unsuccessful inasmuch as the dog merely took to very loud barking. In this case:

a. experimental neurosis set in
b. irradiation became a reality
c. borderline personality traits no doubt played a role
d. a covert process confounded by the experiment

A. Experimental neurosis set in

In one experiment, a dog was conditioned to salivate to a bell paired with a fast-food cheeseburger. The researcher then kept ringing the bell without giving the dog a cheeseburger. This is known as:

a. instrumental learning via shaping
b. positive reinforcement
c. extinction. and the salivation will disappear
d. negative reinforcement

C. Extinction

John B. Watson’s name is associated with:

a. Little Hans
b. Anna O
c. Little Albert
d. b and c

C. Little Albert

During a family counseling session, a 6-year-old girl repeatedly sticks out her tongue at the counselor, who is obviously ignoring the behavior. The counselor is practicing:

a. negative reinforcement
b. chaining
c. reciprocal inhibition
d. extinction

D. Extinction

Sometimes the behavior will get worse before it is eliminated

In general, behavior modification strategies are based heavily on _____________, while behavior therapy emphasizes __________.

a. instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning
b. Pavlovian principles; Skinnerian principles
c. Skinnerian principles; Pavlovian principles
d. a and c

D. Instrumental conditioning (Skinnerian); classical conditional (Pavlovian)

A behavioristic counselor decides upon aversive conditioning as the treatment of choice for a gentleman who wishes to give up smoking. The counselor begins by taking a baseline. This is accomplished:

a. using hypnosis
b. by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention
c. using a biofeedback device
d. by counterconditioning

B. by charting the occurrence of the behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention

The first studies, which demonstrated that animals could indeed be conditioned to control autonomic processes, were conducted by:

a. Thorndike
b. Wolpe
c. Miller
d. Pavlov

C. Miller

The significance of the Little Albert experiment by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner was that:

a. a phobia could be a learned behavior
b. it provided concrete proof that Skinner’s model is correct
c. it provided concrete proof that Pavlov’s model was correct
d. none of the above

A. A phobia could be a learned behavior

John B. Watson is to cause as Mary Cover Jones is to:

a. cure
b. Skinner
c. Piaget
d. NLP

A. Cure

Mary Cover Jones demonstrated that “learning” could sever as a treatment for a phobic reaction

In the famous Little Albert experiment, a child was conditioned to fear a harmless white furry animal. Historical accounts indicate that the child also began to fear a Santa Claus mask. This would demonstrate:

a. two DSM diagnoses which often co-occur: panic disorder and agoraphobia
b. stimulus generalization
c. an adjustment reaction
d. stimulus discrimination

B. Stimulus generalization

A counselor who says that they practice depth psychology technically bases their treatment on:

a. Pavlov’s dogs
b. Mary Cover Jones
c. John B. Watson
d. Freud’s topographic hypothesis

D. Freud’s topographic hypothesis

When a counselor refers to a counseling paradigm, she really means:

a. she is nondirective
b. she is very directive
c. a treatment model
d. she is not a depth psychologist

C. A treatment model

A man says “my life has been lousy for the past six months”. The counselor replies “can you tell me specifically what has made life so bad for the last six months?” The counselor is using:

a. interpretation
b. summarization
c. concreteness
d. a depth psychology paradigm

C. Concreteness (aka specificity)

A client who is having panic attacks is told to practice relaxing his jaw muscle for three minutes per day. The counselor here is using:

a. concreteness
b. a directive
c. interpretation
d. parroting

B. A directive

__________ is a biofeedback device

a. a bathroom scale
b. a DVD player
c. a digital clock
d. an analyst’s couch

A. Bathroom Scale

A biofeedback device does not change the client, it just gives them information so the client can master self-regulation

Johnny love M&M’s but doesn’t do his homework. The school counselor thus interacts with Johnny’s mom to give the child a bag of M&M’s every night after he finishes his homework. This is an example of:

a. punishment
b. biofeedback
c. a Pavlovian strategy
d. positive reinforcement

D. Positive Reinforcement

Genuineness, or congruence, is really:

a. identical to concreteness
b. selective empathy
c. the counselor’s ability to be themself
d. an archaic Freudian notation

C. The counselor’s ability to be themselves

Empathy is:

a. the ability to understand the client’s world and to communicate this to the client
b. behavioristic
c. a and b
d. the same as sympathy

A. The ability to understand the client’s world and to communicate this to the client

When something is added following an operant, it is known as a _______, and when something is taken away it is call a _______

a. negative reinforcer; positive reinforcer
b. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer
c. extinction; shaping
d. classical conditioning; operant conditioning

B. Positive reinforcer; Negative reinforcer

After a dog is conditioned using the well-known experiment of Pavlov, a light is paired with the bell (the CS). In a short period of time the light alone would elicit the salivation. This is called:

a. extinction
b. token reinforcement
c. biofeedback
d. higher-order conditioning

D. Higher-order conditioning

A counselor decides to use biofeedback training to help a client raise the temperature in his right hand to ward of migraines. He would utilize:

a. a temperature trainer
b. EMG feedback
c. EEG neurofeedback
d. EKG feedback

A. Temperature trainer

A counselor discovered that a client became nervous and often experienced panic attacks when she would tense her frontalis muscle over her eyes. The counselor wanted to direct muscle feedback and thus would rely on:

a. the Jacobson relaxation method
b. GSR feedback
c. EMG feedback
d. a simple, yet effective mood ring

C. EMG feedback

According to the Premack principle, an efficient reinforcer is what the client likes to do. Thus, in this procedure:

a. a lower-probability behavior is reinforced by a higher-probability behavior
b. a higher-probability behavior is reinforced by a lower-probability behavior
c. a and b are paradoxically both effective
d. none of the above

A. a lower-probability behavior is reinforced by a higher-probability behavior

“if you eat all of your vegetables then you can have ice cream”

A counselor who wanted to teach a client to produce alpha waves for relaxation would utilize:

a. EMG feedback
b. GSR feedback
c. EEG feedback
d. EKG feedback

C. EEG feedback

A reinforcement schedule gives the guidelines/rules for reinforcement. If a reinforcer is given every time a desired response occurs, it is known as:

a. an intermittent schedule
b. an extinction schedule
c. continuous reinforcement
d. thinning

C. Continuous reinforcement

The two basic classes of intermittent reinforcement schedules are the _________, based on the number of responses and the _______, based on the time elapsed

a. ratio; interval
b. interval; ratio
c. continuous; ratio
d. interval; continuous

A. Ratio; interval

The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the:

a. fixed ratio (ex. giving a child an M&M for every 5 math questions they complete)
b. fixed interval (ex. pay schedule for non-salaried employees)
c. variable interval
d. variable ratio

D. Variable ratio

Variable schedules are more effective than fixed schedules and ratio schedules are more effective than interval schedules