bio 30 unit b
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126 Terms
What is sexual reproduction?
The fusion of male and female sex cells.
What is fertilization?
The fusion of male and female sex cells that produces a zygote.
What is a zygote?
A fused cell that divides by mitosis to form a blastocyst, embryo, and fetus.
What are the gonads?
Ovaries and testes.
What hormones do the ovaries produce?
Estrogen and progesterone.
What hormone do the testes produce?
Testosterone.
What is the function of the scrotum?
It holds the testes and keeps them cooler for sperm development.
What do seminiferous tubules do?
They produce sperm.
What do Sertoli cells do?
They nourish developing sperm and make inhibin.
What do interstitial cells do?
They produce testosterone.
Where do sperm mature?
In the epididymis.
What does the vas deferens do?
It carries sperm from the testes to inside the body.
What happens in the ejaculatory duct?
Sperm mixes with ejaculatory fluid.
What is the urethra’s role in reproduction?
It carries semen out of the penis.
What is semen?
Fluid made of sperm and ejaculatory fluid.
What causes erection?
Erectile tissue fills with blood, compressing veins so blood cannot leave.
What do the seminal vesicles produce?
Fructose and prostaglandins.
What does the prostate gland produce?
An alkaline buffer.
What do Cowper’s glands produce?
Mucus fluid that protects sperm and helps movement.
What is the function of the acrosome?
It contains enzymes that help the sperm enter the egg.
What is the function of the sperm nucleus?
It contains the DNA.
What is the function of the flagellum?
It propels the sperm.
What are the main female reproductive organs?
Ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, and clitoris.
What is the function of the ovaries?
They produce eggs, estrogen, and progesterone.
What is ovulation?
The release of an egg from the ovary.
What is the function of the oviducts?
They collect the egg and are the site of fertilization.
What is the function of the uterus?
It is the site of implantation and development of the embryo and fetus.
What is the endometrium?
The glandular inner lining of the uterus.
What happens if pregnancy does not occur?
The endometrium and egg are shed during menstruation.
What is the function of the cervix?
It separates the uterus from the vagina and dilates during birth.
What is the vagina?
A muscular canal from the uterus to the outside of the body.
Where does ovulation happen?
In the ovaries.
Where does fertilization happen?
In the fallopian tube.
Where does implantation happen?
In the uterus, in the endometrium.
Where does parturition occur?
Through the vagina.
What controls the menstrual cycle?
Ovarian estrogen and progesterone levels.
What does GnRH do?
It stimulates the pituitary to release FSH and LH.
What does FSH do in females?
It stimulates follicle development in the ovary.
What does LH do in females?
It stimulates ovulation and corpus luteum formation.
What does estrogen do?
It causes secondary sex characteristics and thickens the endometrium.
What does progesterone do?
It inhibits ovulation, inhibits uterine contractions, and supports the endometrium.
What does inhibin do in females?
It inhibits FSH production.
What is the follicular phase?
The phase when FSH stimulates follicle development and estrogen rises.
What triggers ovulation?
LH.
What is the luteal phase?
The phase when the corpus luteum secretes progesterone.
What happens when the corpus luteum degenerates?
Estrogen and progesterone fall, and the cycle starts over.
What are the main phases of the uterine cycle?
Flow phase, proliferative phase, ovulation, and secretory phase.
What happens in the flow phase?
The endometrium is shed.
What happens in the proliferative phase?
Estrogen thickens the endometrium.
What happens at ovulation in the uterine cycle?
The egg is released from the ovary.
What happens in the secretory phase?
Progesterone thickens and maintains the endometrium.
What is oogenesis?
Egg formation.
How many cells are made during oogenesis?
One functional egg cell.
What is the main effect of STI’s on reproduction?
They can block passages, damage tissues, and reduce fertility.
What is a menstrual cycle?
A cycle of about 28 days controlled by ovarian hormones.
What is andropause?
A decline in male testosterone levels with age.
What are common effects of andropause?
Fatigue, depression, loss of muscle/bone mass, and prostate growth.
What happens during fertilization?
Only one sperm fuses with the mature ovum to form a zygote.
What comes after the zygote?
Morula, then blastocyst.
What is a morula?
A solid ball of about 16 cells formed by cleavage.
What is a blastocyst?
A later stage that implants in the uterine lining.
What is implantation?
The blastocyst attaches to the wall of the uterus.
What is early pregnancy maintained by?
High progesterone and estrogen levels, plus hCG.
What does hCG do?
It maintains the corpus luteum during the first three months.
When does the placenta take over hormone production?
Around the fourth month.
What are fraternal twins?
Twins formed when two eggs are fertilized.
What are identical twins?
Twins formed when one fertilized egg splits into two cell masses.
What is the chorion?
The outer layer of the blastocyst that produces hCG and forms the placenta.
What is the amnion?
The inner layer that develops into a fluid-filled sac.
What is the allantois?
A layer that later develops into the umbilical cord.
What is the yolk sac?
Initial food source for the embryo before the umbilical cord is established.
What is the placenta?
A fetal structure that exchanges nutrients, oxygen, and wastes with the mother.
What are chorionic villi?
Finger-like projections that increase exchange with the endometrium.
What happens in the first trimester?
The embryo forms major structures such as the heart, brain, and limb buds.
What happens in the second trimester?
All organs have formed and the fetus develops body covering and facial features.
What happens in the third trimester?
The fetus grows rapidly and further organ development occurs.
What are teratogens?
Harmful substances that disrupt normal development.
Why are teratogens especially dangerous early in pregnancy?
The embryo is developing rapidly in the first 8 weeks.
What are the stages of birth?
Dilation stage, expulsion stage, and placental stage.
What starts labour?
Around 266 days after implantation.
What does oxytocin do during birth?
It causes strong uterine contractions.
What do prostaglandins do during birth?
They help stimulate uterine contractions.
What does relaxin do?
It loosens pelvic ligaments before labour.
What happens when the water breaks?
The amniotic membrane bursts and releases fluid.
What is lactation?
Milk production and release from the mammary glands.
What does prolactin do?
It stimulates milk production.
What does oxytocin do in lactation?
It forces milk into the ducts during suckling.
What is colostrum?
Pre-milk rich in protein and antibodies.
What causes the breasts to prepare for milk production during pregnancy?
High progesterone and estrogen levels from the placenta.
What is sterility and infertility?
The inability to conceive or produce offspring normally.
What can block fertility in males?
Blockage of the vas deferens or low/abnormal sperm count.
What can cause male impotence?
Stress, disease, or nerve/hormone problems.
What can block fertility in females?
Blockage of the oviducts or no ovulation.
What is endometriosis?
When endometrium grows outside the uterus.
What is artificial insemination?
Sperm is collected, concentrated, and placed in the vagina.
What is IVF?
Egg fertilization outside the body, with the embryo later returned to the uterus.
What is super-ovulation?
Using hormones to make multiple eggs release.
What is a surrogate mother?
A woman who carries a baby for another couple.
What is tubal ligation?
Tying off the oviducts.