A & P Ch 6-8

What cells make up cartilage tissue?

Chondrocytes, which are specialized cells that produce and maintain the cartilage matrix. This matrix is composed of collagen and proteoglycans, providing strength and flexibility.

What are the three types of cartilage?

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.

What are the functions of hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.

Hyaline cartilage provides support and flexibility, elastic cartilage maintains shape while allowing flexibility, and fibrocartilage absorbs shock and resists tension.

Where can you find hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage?

Hyaline cartilage is found in the nose, trachea, and at the ends of long bones; elastic cartilage is located in the ear and epiglottis; fibrocartilage is found in intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis.

List the 7 functions of bones

Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, energy storage, and hormone production.

How can you tell if a bone is a long bone, short bone, irregular bone, or a flat bone?

Long bones are longer than they are wide, short bones are roughly cube-shaped, irregular bones have complex shapes, and flat bones are thin and flattened.

What is the function of the axial skeleton? The appendicular skeleton?

The axial skeleton primarily supports the head, neck, and trunk while protecting the brain and spinal cord. The appendicular skeleton facilitates movement and includes the limbs and pelvic girdle.

What is compact bone?

Forms the hard, dense outer layer of bones throughout the human body. Compact bone functions primarily to provide strength and protection to bones

What is spongy bone? What are trabeculae?

• A porous type of bone that is found at the ends of long bones and in the interiors of other bones. It is lighter and less dense than compact bone.

• Trabeculae are the small, rod-like structures that form the lattice-like structure of spongy bone, providing support and strength while reducing weight.

What is the structure of a long bone?

1. Diaphysis - the long shaft of the bone, made of compact bone, providing strength.

2. Epiphysis - the ends of the bone, which are typically wider and contain spongy bone.

3. Metaphysis - the area between the diaphysis and epiphysis, containing the growth plate (epiphyseal plate) in growing bones.

4. Medullary Cavity - the hollow center of the diaphysis, containing yellow bone marrow in adults.

5. Periosteum - a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bone except at the surfaces of the joints.

6. Endosteum - a thin membrane lining the medullary cavity.

Where is the medullary cavity? What kind of bone marrow is here in babies? In adults? What happens in red bone marrow?

• The medullary cavity is located within the diaphysis, or shaft, of long bones.

• In babies, the medullary cavity contains red bone marrow.

• In adults, the medullary cavity predominantly contains yellow bone marrow.

• Red bone marrow is responsible for producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

What is the significance of the epiphyseal plate? What is it made of? What kind of bone growth happens here? What is this structure called after growth no longer happens here?

• The epiphyseal plate is significant because it is the area where bone growth occurs in length during childhood and adolescence.

• The epiphyseal plate is made of hyaline cartilage.

• Interstitial growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate, allowing the bone to lengthen.

• After growth no longer occurs, the epiphyseal plate is called the epiphyseal line.

Periosteum is AROUND the outside of the bone. What kind of connective tissue is it?

The periosteum is composed of dense irregular connective tissue.

What do sharpey’s fibers do?

Endosteum LINES THE INSIDE of the bone tissue. What are osteogenic cells?

Why do we have certain bone markings?

Which cells build bone and which cells chew it up (resorption)?

Function of Osteogenic cells?

Function of Osteoblasts?

Function of Osteocytes?

Function of Bone-lining cells?

Function of Osteoclasts

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

What is the canal that the blood vessels run through?

What are the tiny channels that allow osteocytes to communicate with each other? What are the spaces that house osteocytes called?

What is the difference between an interstitial lamella and a circumferential lamella?

How are spongy & compact bone different microscopically?

Is spongy or compact bone better for strength and support?

Is spongy or compact bone better for making bone lighter?

What are the organic components of a bone? What makes bone flexible?

What are the inorganic compounds in bones? What makes bone strong?

What are the stages of endochondral ossification in long bones?

What is interstitial growth?

What type of tissue was the template for new bone?

What cells make the new bone?

What is intramembranous ossification? What kind of bones are formed this way?

Which cells secrete osteoid? What is osteoid?

What is appositional growth? How does facial bone growth differ from growth in long bones at the epiphyseal plate? How long does facial growth occur throughout life?

What cells are involved in bone remodeling? What does each cell type do?

How is bone remodeling necessary to balance blood calcium levels but still provide strength and support?

What is the hormone involved in blood calcium regulation?

What are the classifications of broken bones?

What are the stages of bone tissue repair?

Hematoma, Fibrocartilaginous Callus, Bony Callus, and Bone Remodeling

What cells are involved in Fibrocartilaginous Callus?

Which cells make Bony Callus?

Which cells are involved in Bone Remodeling?

What is rickets? How does it happen? Why are the bones bendy?

What is osteoporosis? What causes it? Why are post-menopausal women most at risk?

What are fontanelles, and why do babies have them?

Why does bone density decrease in old age?

What are the functions of the axial skeleton?

Cranial bones

Create cranial cavity to protect brain

Facial bones

(Cavities for special sense)               

Nasal cavity,  Orbitals, Sinuses

Hyoid bone

Vertebral column

• Cervical – 7 (have large vertebral foramen, small body (C1 has no body), transverse foramen, most have a bifid spine) atlas and axis are special

• Thoracic – 12 (articulate with ribs, have medium body, medium vertebral foramen)

• Lumbar – 5 (small vertebral foramen, largest body, hatchet shaped spine)

• Sacrum – articulates with hip bones

• Coccyx – tailbone

Ribs

• 12 total – same as # of thoracic vertebra!)

• 1-7 true – connect directly to sternum through costal cartilage

• 8-12 false – do not connect directly to sternum

                                               i.     Ribs 8-10 use cartilage bridge to 7^th rib

                                             ii.     Ribs 11-12 do not connect to sternum at all and are “floating”

What are the functions of the appendicular skeleton?

Pectoral Girdle – what is the main function of the clavicle?

Pelvic girdle – what is the acetabulum?

How can you tell a male vs female pelvis?

Upper limb

• Humerus

• Radius

• Ulna

• Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Lower limb

• Femur

• Tibia

• Fibula

• Patella

• Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

What is a joint?

How are joints classified by structure?

which joints are connected by short fibrous connective tissue?

what are the subclasses of this type of joint and what are examples of each type?

which joints are connected by cartilage?

which types of cartilaginous joints have fibrocartilage?

which type moves and which type does not move?

why are epiphyseal plates considered temporary joints?

what are the only joints that have a joint cavity?

How are joints classified by function?

Which joints are the most movable?

Which joints cannot move?

What are the six distinguishing features of that are always part of a synovial joint?

what is the purpose of articular cartilage?

How does the synovial cavity help minimize friction in the joint?

know the structure of a joint capsule

what is synovial fluid? What is in it?

why have reinforcing ligaments? What are the types? How are they different?

how are bursae and tendon sheaths the same? How are they different? How do they reduce friction in the joint? Are they present in all synovial joints?

what is so special about menisci? (hint: different type of cartilage)

what stabilizes the joint besides ligaments? What is the most important component in joint stability? The least?

why is the hip joint so much more stable than the shoulder?

why do cartilage and ligament tears heal so poorly? What is the treatment?

What is the different between nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial? What does it mean to move along an axis?