Urinary, Respiratory, and Fluid Systems Study Guide

Comprehensive flashcards covering the Urinary, Respiratory, and Fluid systems based on the Bio& 242 Unit 2 Study Guide.

Which organs and ducts are considered major structures of the Urinary System?

R & L Kidney, R & L Ureter, Urinary bladder, and Urethra

What are the two histological layers of the Ureter mucosa?

Transitional epithelium and Lamina propria (Areolar connective tissue)

What specific tissues make up the Muscularis of the Ureter?

Longitudinal and Circular layers

What is the tissue composition of the upper part of the Urethra?

Transitional epithelium

What tissue type is found in the middle part of the Urethra?

Stratified columnar

What tissue type is found in the lower part of the Urethra near the meatus?

Stratified squamous

What is the outer membrane surrounding the kidney called?

Renal capsule

What are the two main regions of the kidney's internal parenchyma?

Renal cortex and Renal medulla

What structural units are shaped like cones within the Renal medulla?

Renal pyramid

Which structure tip points toward the renal sinus from a renal pyramid?

Renal papilla

What is the indentation where the renal artery, vein, and ureter enter the kidney?

Renal hilus

What is the anatomical term for the location of the kidney relative to the peritoneum?

Retroperitoneal

What are the two types of nephrons mentioned in the study guide?

Cortical nephron and Juxtamedullary nephron

What are the two components of the renal corpuscle?

Glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and Glomerulus

Which cells are part of the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule?

Podocytes

What are the components of the filtration membrane?

Endothelial fenestrations, Basement membrane (lamina densa), Podocytes, Pedicels, and Filtration slits

What type of epithelium is found in the Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

Microvillated simple cuboidal

What tissue type makes up the thin limb of the Loop of Henle?

Simple squamous

What tissue type makes up the thick limb of the Loop of Henle?

Simple cuboidal

What is the histology of the Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?

Simple cuboidal

What tissue types are found in the Collecting duct (CT)?

Upper CT is simple cuboidal; Lower CT is simple columnar

What is the histology of the Papillary duct?

Simple columnar

What type of epithelium lines the internal surface of the Urinary bladder?

Transitional epithelium

What is the name of the smooth muscle within the bladder wall?

Detrusor muscle

What is the triangular area at the base of the bladder called?

Trigone

What structures are found on the internal surface of the bladder when it is empty?

Rugae

Which artery branches directly from the abdominal aorta into the kidney?

Renal artery

What arteries are located within the renal columns?

Interlobar arteries

What arteries arch over the bases of the renal pyramids?

Arcuate arteries

What is the correct sequence of blood flow from the interlobar artery to the glomerulus?

Interlobar artery $ightarrow$ Arcuate artery $ightarrow$ Interlobular Artery $ightarrow$ Afferent arteriole $ightarrow$ Glomerular capillaries

Which vessels wrap around the tubular portions of the nephron?

Peritubular capillaries and Vasa recta

What does the acronym GHP stand for in glomerular filtration physiology?

Glomerular (blood) hydrostatic pressure

What does the acronym CsHP represent?

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

What does the acronym BCOP represent?

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

What acronym represents the overall rate at which filtrate is produced by the kidneys?

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

What are the three processes involved in urine formation?

Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

Which hormone is released in response to decreased blood pressure and initiates the angiotensin pathway?

Renin

What enzyme is responsible for converting Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II?

Angiotensin converting enzyme

What is the inactive precursor to Angiotensin I?

Angiotensinogen

What hormone regulates water reabsorption by increasing the permeability of the collecting ducts?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

What hormone is involved in regulation of urine volume and increases sodium reabsorption?

Aldosterone

What term describes the presence of albumin in the urine?

Albuminuria

What medical term defines a lack of urine production?

Anuria

What is Bilirubinuria?

The presence of bilirubin in the urine

What is the medical term for kidney stones?

Calculi

What is Cystitis?

Inflammation of the urinary bladder

What term describes painful or difficult urination?

Dysuria

What medical term is used for involuntary urination (bedwetting)?

Enuresis

What is the difference between Glycosuria and Glucosuria?

The transcript specifically uses the term Glucosuria for glucose in the urine

What is Hematuria?

The presence of blood in the urine

What process uses an artificial membrane to cleanse the blood?

Hemodialysis

What term describes the presence of hemoglobin in the urine?

Hemoglobinuria

What is the medical term for the inability to control urination?

Incontinence

What is Ketonuria?

The presence of ketone bodies in the urine

What is the technical term for the act of urination?

Micturition

What term denotes the presence of pus in the urine?

Pyuria

What is a Pyelogram?

An x-ray of the kidneys and ureters

What procedure uses sound waves to break up kidney stones?

Shock wave lithotripsy

What are the three components of the Nasal septum?

The transcript lists Nasal septum as a structure to identify (anatomically composed of the vomer, ethmoid, and cartilage)

What part of the pharynx is located behind the nasal cavity?

Nasopharynx

Which part of the pharynx contains the palatine tonsils?

Oropharynx

What structure prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?

Epiglottis

What are the three main cartilages of the larynx mentioned in the guide?

Thyroid cartilage, Cricoid cartilage, and Arytenoid cartilage

What is the space between the vocal folds called?

Glottis (or Rima glottidis)

What are the 'false vocal cords' technically called?

Ventricular folds

What are the 'true vocal cords' technically called?

Vocal folds

What structure marks the point where the trachea branches into the primary bronchi?

Carina

What type of cartilage supports the trachea?

Tracheal cartilage (hyaline)

What tissue lines the Trachea?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

What are the layers of the trachea from inside to outside?

Mucosa, Lamina propria, Submucosa, Hyaline cartilage, and Adventitia

What is the correct sequence of the bronchial tree branches?

Primary bronchi $ightarrow$ Secondary bronchi $ightarrow$ Tertiary bronchi $ightarrow$ Bronchioles $ightarrow$ Terminal bronchioles $ightarrow$ Respiratory bronchioles

Which lung has three lobes (Superior, Middle, Inferior)?

Right lung

Which fissure is present in both the right and left lungs?

Oblique fissure

Which fissure is found only in the right lung?

Horizontal fissure

What is the functional site of gas exchange in the lungs?

Alveolus

What substance is produced by 'Type 2' Alveolar cells to reduce surface tension?

Surfactant

Which Alveolar cells are the primary sites for gas exchange?

“Type 1” Alveolar cells

Name the principal muscle of inspiration.

Diaphragm

What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?

External intercostals, Pectoralis minor, Scalenes, and Sternocleidomastoid

Which muscles are involved in forced expiration?

External Obliques, Internal Intercostals, Internal Obliques, Rectus Abdominus, and Transversus Abdominus

Which gas law states that pressure is inversely proportional to volume?

Boyle's Law

Which law explains that the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures?

Dalton's Law

Which law states that the amount of dissolved gas is proportional to its partial pressure?

Henry's Law

What term refers to the volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during a single quiet breath?

Tidal volume

What is the volume of the conducting airways where no gas exchange occurs?

Anatomic dead space

How is Vital Capacity calculated?

$$VC = TV + IRV + ERV$$

What is Total Lung Capacity?

The sum of all lung volumes ($VC + RV$)

What device is used to measure lung volumes and capacities?

Spirometer

What term describes the ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can expand?

Compliance

Where is the medullary rhythmicity area located?

Medulla oblongata (implied by 'Medullary')

What are the two pontine respiratory areas mentioned?

Pneumotaxic area and Apneustic area

What receptors monitor blood levels of $CO_2$, $H^+$, and $O_2$?

Central and peripheral chemoreceptors

What is the medical term for a Nosebleed?

Epistaxis

What is Dyspnea?

Difficult or labored breathing

What term describes a collapse of lung tissue?

Atelectasis

What is Hypercapnia?

Excess carbon dioxide in the blood

What is Hypoxia?

A deficiency in the amount of oxygen reaching the tissues

What condition represents a chronic inflammation of the bronchi?

Bronchitis

What is anoxia?

A total lack of oxygen

What are the two main components of Extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Plasma and Interstitial fluids