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Revolution of 1800

Peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans when Thomas Jefferson was elected president in 1800

Jefferson’s Inaugural Address

Jefferson emphasized unity, limited government, and civil liberties

Louisiana Purchase

1803 land deal with France that doubled U.S. size

Motivation

Desire for land, control of Mississippi River, and access to New Orleans

Difficulties

Constitution didn’t explicitly allow purchase; uncertainty about governing new land

Jefferson Foreign Policy

Focused on neutrality and avoiding European conflicts

Embargo Act of 1807

Banned U.S. trade with foreign nations; hurt American economy more than Britain/France

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Asserted states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws

War of 1812

War against Britain over impressment, trade restrictions, and western expansion

Hartford Convention

Federalist meeting opposing War of 1812; hurt party’s reputation

Political Parties

Federalists vs Democratic-Republicans; later rise of Democrats and Whigs

Marshall Court

Supreme Court era under John Marshall that strengthened federal power

Marbury v. Madison

Established judicial review (court can declare laws unconstitutional)

McCulloch v. Maryland

Confirmed federal supremacy and upheld constitutionality of national bank

Henry Clay

Leader who promoted economic growth through the American System

American System

Henry Clay’s plan: tariffs, national bank, internal improvements

National Road

Early federal road improving westward travel and trade

Missouri Compromise

1820 agreement maintaining balance between free and slave states

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. policy warning Europe not to colonize or interfere in the Americas

Jackson’s Popularity

Appealed to ordinary citizens and expanded democracy

Common Man

Idea that average white men should have political power

Universal white male suffrage

Removal of property requirements for voting for white men

Jacksonian Democracy

Expanded voting rights; emphasized majority rule and strong presidency

King Andrew I

Critics’ nickname for Jackson, accusing him of abusing presidential power

Tariffs

Taxes on imports to protect American industries

Tariff of Abominations

1828 high tariff that angered Southern states

Nullification

Idea that states can invalidate federal laws

South Carolina Exposition

Document arguing for nullification of tariffs

Webster-Hayne Debate

Debate over states’ rights vs federal authority

Cherokee Tribal Lands

Lands in the Southeast desired by settlers

Trail of Tears

Forced relocation of Native Americans to the West; many died

Texas addition to Union

Annexation of Texas in 1845, increasing tensions over slavery

Bank War

Jackson’s fight against the Second Bank of the U.S.

Panic of 1837

Economic depression caused by bank failures and poor financial policies

William Henry Harrison

Whig president elected in 1840; died shortly after taking office

Log Cabin and Hard Cider

Whig campaign symbols portraying Harrison as a man of the people

Rise in manufacturing

Growth of factories and industrial production in the North

Eli Whitney

Inventor who advanced cotton production and manufacturing

Cotton Gin

Machine that made cotton processing faster and more profitable

Interchangeable parts

Standardized parts that made mass production easier

Middle class in America

Grew due to industrialization; included professionals and business owners

Southern Agriculture

Economy based on cash crops like cotton and slave labor

Migration patterns

Movement westward for land and opportunity

Immigration before the Civil War

Increased immigration from Europe

Irish immigrants

Fled famine; worked low-wage jobs

German immigrants

Fled political unrest; often skilled workers or farmers

Workers in textile factories

Often women and children working long hours for low pay

Lowell System

System employing young women in textile mills with structured work/living conditions

Transportation Revolution

Improvements in roads, canals, and railroads boosting trade and mobility

Erie Canal

Canal connecting Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean; boosted trade and NYC growth

Role of women

Limited to home but increasingly involved in reform movements

Women’s rights

Movement seeking equality in voting, property, and education

Seneca Falls Convention

1848 meeting launching the women’s rights movement

Declaration of Sentiments

Document demanding equality for women, modeled after Declaration of Independence

Republican motherhood

Belief women should raise virtuous citizens

Cult of Domesticity

Ideal that women should focus on home and family

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival promoting reform and moral improvement

Burned Over District

Area in New York known for intense religious revivals

Joseph Smith

Founder of Mormonism

Transcendentalists

Movement emphasizing intuition, nature, and individualism

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Leader of transcendentalism

Hudson River School

Art movement celebrating American landscapes and nature