PSC 130 | Human Learning and Memory | Midterm 1

Phonological Storage

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Central Executive, as described by Baddeley?

A)Manipulating information in working memory

B)Inhibiting distractions

C)Phonological storage

D)Coordinating tasks that are happening concurrently

Spatial, object

Cortical Areas in the Dorsal Stream are more involved with _____ Working Memory, whereas the Areas in the Ventral Stream are more involved with ____ Working Memory

A)Object, spatial

B)LTM, STM

C)STM, LTM

D)Face, House

E)Spatial, object

immediately recall significant amounts of information on a test of memory for stories ("prose recall")

Baddeley added the Episodic Buffer to his Working Memory Model in order to explain why amnesia patients can sometimes:

Similarities

-Both have a mechanism for rehearsal

-information is slowly transferred to LTM

-STM/WM is temporary

Differences

-Baddeley model shows that you can interfere with sensory modalities separately not just the control processes overall

-WM model divides out sensory modalities

-A/S modal have control processes operating on a short-term store, rather than a separate module for control processes.

Compare and contrast Atkinson and Shiffrin's "modal model" with Baddeley and Hitch's model of working memory. Describe at least two similarities and two differences.

use incidental encoding tasks, so that experimenters could manipulate how information was processed.

In order to test the Levels of Processing Framework it was necessary to:

the interaction between a retrieval cue and the type of trace that was formed at encoding

According to Tulving's Encoding Specificity Principle, successful memory performance depends on:

coordinating tasks that are happening concurrently

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the Episodic Buffer, as described by Baddeley?

"apple" would be better remembered if it was in a study list of furniture items than if it was in a study list of fruit.

Based on the Von Restorff effect, we can expect that:

Both the sequential strategy and spatial strategy resulted in better list recall than no strategy, meaning people benefit from using structured information about space or time to encode and retrieve new information.

In the "method of sandwich" experiment discussed in class, participants were instructed to encode a list of words using one of two strategies (sequential or spatial), or no particular strategy. List recall was later assessed. The experimenter observed and concluded the following:

...that subjects who did meaning-based encoding would show better performance on the item recognitiontest, but subjects who did sound-based encoding would show better performance on the rhyme recognition test

Morris, Bransford, and Franks (1977) had subjects encode a list of words either by deciding whether each word had a certain sound in it, or by processing the meaning of the word. Next, subjects in one group were given an item recognition test on the words they studied, whereas subjects in another group were given a rhyme recognition test (i.e., "Did you see a word that rhymed with 'eagle'?"). Based on the Transfer Appropriate Processing Framework one would predict that:

Craik & Tulving (1975): Subjects went through incidental learning by being asked to think about words a certain way. The results were that subjects that went through the deep encoding.

Describe an experiment that supports the levels of processing theory?

There is no real way to determine what makes a process deep or shallow.

What is one problem with the levels of processing theory?

An alternative theory is Transfer Appropriate Processing which suggests that memory retrieval depends on how well the encoding process matches the retrieval test.

Describe an alternative theory to Levels of Processing regarding how encoding processes affect later retrieval.

Temporally Organized

The lag-recency effect provides evidence to support the idea that Episodic Memories are:

False Alarm

On a recognition memory test, when a subject incorrectly says "old" for an unstudied item, we would call that a:

Hit

On a recognition memory test, when a subject correctly says "old" for an studied item, we would call that a:

Correct Rejection(CR)

On a recognition memory test, when a subject correctly says "New" for an unstudied item, we would call that a:

Miss

On a recognition memory test, when a subject incorrectly says "New" for a studied item, we would call that a:

Integrates information from different sensory modalities

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the Central Executive, as described by Baddeley in revised model?

A)Manipulating information in working memory

B)Integrates information from different sensory modalities

C)Inhibition of distracting information

D)Coordinating tasks that are happening concurrently

Time Cells

The discovery of _________demonstrated that the hippocampus can encode non-spatial information:

the name is not recollected from the study phase but seems familiar

The "False Fame Effect", studied by Jacoby et al., 1989, demonstrated that subjects can be tricked into thinking that a regular person is famous if:

A)the name is recollected from the study phase

B)the name is recollected from the study phase and seems familiar

C)the name is not recollected from the study phase and is not at all familiar

D)the name is not recollected from the study phase but seems familiar

-Familiarity is fast, recollection is slow

-Recollection relies on source memory

-Familiarity relies on the perirenal cortex (PRC)

-Recollection relies on HPC and PHC

-Familiarity is a strength based process

-Recollection is a threshold based process

Dual process theory suggests that recollection and familiarity have differed characteristics. Describe 3 ways that these processes are thought to differ.

Recollection

The process of recognizing an item on the basis of the retrieval of specific contextual details

Familiarity

The process of recognizing an item on the basis of its perceived memory strength but without retrieval of any specific details about the study episode

Recognition

Familiarity + Recollection = ________

1)Articulatory Control Process

2)Phonological Store

What are the two components of the Phonological loop?

"Dual Task" Logic

Forcing a subject to repeat a word over and over again. "Coca-Cola"*10 taking over the articulatory control process.

Word Length Effect

When recall decreases with the number of syllables and length of time required to pronounce a word.

central executive

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is critical for functions that are associated with the ________.

Like in a cluttered room, distinctive objects stand out. When you're doing deep processing that memory becomes distinctive.

Why does "deep processing" seem to work?

"Relational" Encoding

Improving memory by focusing on similarities among multiple events

The Method of Loci

The "Memory Palace" is an example of:

retrieval

The process by which learned information is accessed are called _____ processes

Large Recency effect

items are far apart with an immediate test

Small Recency effect

items are close together with a delayed test

1) IPI

2) Retention Interval

The Recency effect depends on these two things:

Ratio Rule

slope of recency effect is directly correlated with ratio of inter-item presentation interval and time between end of list and recall.

Grid cells

cells that build a grid for spatial-navigation

Place cells

neurons that mark your place in space; also located in the hippocampus

Time cells

Neurons that fire at particular times within an event.

Morris Water Maze

Rats with an intact hippocampus learn the place of the platform in the Water maze after a single trial. Whereas rats with lesions in the hippocampus could never map out the maze properly.

hippocampal

spatial memory is severely affected by ________ damage

viral encephalitis

Patient E.P. had:

Miller et al. (2013)

Patients playing a VR game had their place cells firing during recall of spatial context.

Area SPT

Area of the brain associated with phonological maintenance

Baddeley & Wilson (2002)

Patients with amnesia could exceed the typical capacity of WM when given a story. They could immediately recall the story with minimal error. But forgot everything after a long delay.

Episodic Buffer

The module for storing limited information outside of the visual-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop.

-Doesn't account for intentional encoding strategies

-Suggested that more rehearsal = better transfer to LTM

What are the limitations of the Modal Model?

Ungerleider & Mishkin (1978)

proposed differences between a spatial and an object processing pathway in visual perception. A "where" and "what" pathway.

"Item-Specific" Encoding

Craik and Lockhart's levels of processing view suggests that deep encoding produces a more distinctive memory trace for each item, and more distinctive memories are easier to remember it later on. This is called __________.