BIOLOGY FINAL - Full Study Guide

Vocab, Study Guide, All Previous Test Questions

A mule is the result of a cross between of a donkey and a horse. A mule is a:

hybrid

Organisms that have 2 identical alleles for a particular trait are:

homozygous

A heterozygous tall pea plant is crossed with a short plant. The probability that a F1 plant will be tall is:

50%

If an organism’s diploid number is 12, its haploid number is:

24

If a pea plant’s alleles for height are tt, what is true about its parents

Both parents contributed a recessive allele

What is an alternate form of a gene

allele

Choose the pure dominant trait(s)

AA

Which of the following is true about the offspring (T = tall, t = short)

All will be tall

Letters in the boxes represent:

genotypes

_____ are the different forms of a gene

Alleles

The _____ trait is represented with capital letters

dominant

The _____ trait is represented with lowercase letters

recessive

A reproductive cell is a _____

gamete

Inherited characteristics from your parents are your _____

genes

Specific characteristic

Trait

Offspring of a cross between parents with different, true-breeding traits

Hybrid

Containing two different alleles for a trait

Heterozygous

Scientific study for heredity

Genetics

Likelihood of an event occuring

Probability

Containing two identical alleles for a trait

Homozygous

Phenotype of Tt (T = tall, t = short)

tall

Select the correct statement

hybrid = heterozygous = Aa, purebred = homozygous = AA

Why are Punnet Squares probabilities and not certainties?

abnormalities are possible

Give 2 reasons for Gregor Mendel’s decision to use pea plants

reproduces quickly

produces many offspring

Where was Mendel born

Austria

How many pea plants did Mendel cultivate and test

~12,000

TRUE OR FALSE: Height is a phenotype

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Two purebred dogs will have a purebred puppy

True

TRUE OR FALSE: TT means a heterozygous tall gene

False

TRUE OR FALSE: TT means a homozygous dominant trait

False

TRUE OR FALSE: Purebred and homozygous are synonymous

True

TRUE OR FALSE: Recessive genes can skip a generation

True

This occurs in all eukaryotic cells

Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis rearranges a 6-Carbon glucose molecule into 2 3-Carbon molecules of:

pyruvic acid

The fancy enzyme at the end of the ETC that spins is the:

ATP synthase

Glycolysis alone nets only ___ molecules of ATP from each glucose molecule

2

The body gets rid of lactic acid in a chemical pathway that requires:

oxygen

The Krebs Cycle is also called the:

Citric Acid Cycle

TRUE OR FALSE (correct it if false): Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down glucose in the presence of carbon dioxide.

FALSE: oxygen

TRUE OR FALSE (correct it if false): The reactants of photosynthesis are the same as the reactants of cellular respiration.

FALSE: products

TRUE OR FALSE (correct it if false): The Krebs Cycle releases energy in the form of ATP.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE (correct it if false): Without the Krebs Cycle, the ETC cannot function.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE (correct it if false): The first few seconds of intense exercise uses up the cells’ stores of fat.

FALSE: ATP

How do organisms get energy

breaking down food molecules gradually and capturing their chemical energy

Celullar respiration is called an aerobic process because it reuires

oxygen

Photosynthesis takes place in the

chloroplasts

The products of photosynthesis are ___ of cellular respiration

reactabts

Glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain of ___ ATP molecules

2

Glycolysis requires

ATP

The Krebs Cycle starts with:

pyruvic acid

The ETC is in the:

inner mitochondrial membrane

What passes high-energy electrons to the ETC

NADH and FADH2

Celullar respiration uses 1 molecule of glucose to produce about ___ ATP molecules

36

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in ___ cells

muscle

During fermentation, ___ is regenerated, allowing glycolysis to continue

NAD+

The energy needed to win a 1 min footrace is produced mostly by:

lactic acid fermentation

Which of the following is the sequence of cellular respiration

glycolysis —> Krebs —> ETC

The starting molecule for glycolysis is:

glucose

The Krebs Cycle does not occur if ___ is not present

oxygen

The air bubbles and spongy texture of bread are due to which process

alcoholic fermentation

What is the equation for cellular respiration in WORDS?

glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy

What is the equation for cellular respiration in SYMBOLS?

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ —> 6CO₂ + H₂O + energy

How does the ETC use the energy stored in high-energy electrons to pump H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

NADH and FADH₂

Which needs oxygen: anaerobic or aerobic?

aerobic

Which fermentation pathway requires oxygen

Glucose —> pyruvic acid —> carbon dioxide + water + 36 ATP

An advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction is that sexual reproduction:

produces genetic diversity

Compared to small cells, large cells have more trouble:

moving materials in and out

What happens in interphase

DNA duplicates

Centrioles connect _____ _____

spindle fibers

During normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell that has four chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each containing ____ chromosomes

4

One difference between cell division in plant and animal cells is that plant cells have:

cell plates

Cancer cells lost their ability to control their:

growth rate

The dot in the middle of the chromosome is the:

centromere

The two halves of the chromosome are the:

chromatids

The rate at which wastes are produced by a cell partially depends on the cell’s:

ratio of surface area to volume

When is DNA replicated

S Phase

What are some growth problems in cells

Volume-Surface area ratio

Too much demand on nucleus

In eukaryotes, the _____ breaks down during prophase and re-forms during telophase

nuclear envelope

During _____ reproduction, cells can produce genetically different offspring

sexual

During _____ reproduction, cells can produce genetically identical offspring

asexual

What is labeled in the diagram

Cell plate

G1, S, and G2 form:

interphase

a mass of abnormal cells is a:

tumor

Centrioles are made of:

microtubules

_________ is cell division in prokaryotic cells

binary fission

Chromosomes are in the _____ of a cell

nucleus

Body cells are called ______ cells

somatic

What is the special protein in DNA

histones

Diploid meaning

2 sets of chromosomes (46)

Haploid meaning

1 set of chromosomes (23)

Why do cells divide? (3 R’s and G)

Reproduce

Repair

Replace

Grow

What happens in G1

cell grows

What happens in S Phase

DNA replicates

What happens in G2

organelles replicate

What happens in Prophase

nuclear envelope dissapears

What happens in Metaphase

chromosomes move to equator

What happens in Anaphase

chromatids are broken apart and pulled to poles

What happens in Telophase

nuclear envelope and cleavage furrow form

What happens in Cytokinesis

cell splits

Role of ATP Synthase

Enzyme that spins to turn ADP into ATP