BIOMI 1100 PRELIM 2

Which of the following is NOT true about fungi?

They all grow mushrooms

Breaking down macromolecules for energy and nutrition is a form of

Catabolism

What is the target of most common over the counter (OTC) antifungal compounds?

Target ergosterol

What part of the fungi is responsible for spreading infections?

Spores

Athlete's foot is caused by:

a virus infection

a bacterial infection

a type of protozoa

a fungal infection known as ringworm

a fungal infection known as ringworm

How does the fungus that synthesizes penicillin act to block growth of bacteria?

blocks protein synthesis

blocks DNA synthesis

blocks cell wall synthesis

blocks RNA synthesis

blocks cell wall synthesis

What is a mycotoxin? More than one answer may be correct.

a type of fungi used as a food ingredient

a fungal toxin that when consumed can cause neurological disorders and other health problems

A toxin produced by bacteria

a toxin produced by a type of fungi that grows on crops

- a fungal toxin that when consumed can cause neurological disorders and other health problems

- a toxin produced by a type of fungi that grows on crops

How do fungi make fruit soften?

attack fruit

secrete digestive enzymes to break down cell walls of fruit

no answer is crorect

wait for someone else to soften the fruit for them

secrete digestive enzymes to break down cell walls of fruit

Which of the following is true about mycelium?

found in the soil

All answers are correct

passes nutrients and other compounds to tree roots

help keep the forest healthy

All answers are correct

What makes us stink when we workout?

The moisture from our sweat is full of odors

The bacteria on our skin feed on nutrients in our sweat and break it down into stinky by-products

When we are wet with sweat, we attract dirt

Athletic people were born with a 'certain smell'

None of the above

The bacteria on our skin feed on nutrients in our sweat and break it down into stinky by-products

Which BoZone has the most unique smell (voc) profile?

Mouth

Bowels

Armpits

Feet

Bowels

Do mosquitos prefer certain body odors over others?

No, mosquitos have no preference

Yes! Some people's smell are more attractive to mosquitoes than others

It all has to do with your clothing

Yes! Some people's smell are more attractive to mosquitoes than others

What causes body odor?

commensal microbes metabolize sweat into stinky compounds

deodorants

soap

pure sweat!

commensal microbes metabolize sweat into stinky compounds

What are volatile organic compounds?

All answers are correct

travel through the air

include volatile fatty acids and thioalcohols

produced by microbes such as Corynebacterium

All answers are correct

How do deodorants work?

No answer is correct

They block sweat glands

They release volatile organic compounds

They kill microbes

They kill microbes

Choose the best answer: body odor arises from which of the following locations?

Groin only

Armpits only

Anywhere with aprocrine sweat glands

Anywhere with eccrine sweat glands

Anywhere with aprocrine sweat glands

How can body odor be used to diagnose infections and disease?

No answer is correct

there is no way to diagnose differences

only works for diseases carried by mosquitoes

specifc volatiles are released from skin of people with disease

specifc volatiles are released from skin of people with disease

Which of the following likely has a greatly reduced genome?

facultative commensal

obligate parasite

facultative parasite

none of the these

obligate parasite

How does T. pallidum evade the immune system?

It has lots of outer membrane proteins to help it deal with immune responses

It has outer membrane proteins that look like human proteins

Its flagellae are similar to human cilia

It produces toxins that "blind" the immune system

It has outer membrane proteins that look like human proteins

What is a unique feature of spirochetes?

they have endoflagella

they have ribosomes

they have chloroplasts

they have a nucleus

they have endoflagella

What is a secondary sign of syphilis?

a cough

acne on face

rash all over body

rash on palms of hands and soles of feet

rash on palms of hands and soles of feet

How does Syphilis evade the immune system?

it produces a lot of membrane proteins

it's outer sheath contains compounds which look like human compounds

it eats white blood cells

it produces toxins

it's outer sheath contains compounds which look like human compounds

Which of the following produce spore like elementary bodies that enhance the survival of the pathogen when transmitted between hosts

Chlamydia

Treponema

Gonorrhea

Trichomonas

Chlamydia

Which of the following is true about Chlamydia? Choose all that apply

there is a functional vaccine

it's prevelancce is greater in college age women than in college age men

it enters and reprograms the host cell

it is a fungus that cannot be treated with traditional antibiotics

- it's prevelancce is greater in college age women than in college age men

- it enters and reprograms the host cell

Infection by which of these viruses can be prevented by taking prescription antivirals?

HIV (AIDS)

Herpes (cold sores)

Vericella (chicken pox/shingles)

HPV (genital warts)

HIV (AIDS)

Which of the following are true about HPV

Most common STI in the USA

Infects 75% of sexually active people

Preventable with vaccination

All of these

All of these

how are HPV and HIV similar?

Both infect immune cells

Both infect nerve cells

Both integrate into the host genome

Both can cause cancer

Both integrate into the host genome

All viruses contain which of the following (multiple answers)?

protein

nucleic acid

enzymes

lipid envelope

- protein

- nucleic acid

The Baltimore viral classification system is based on which of the following?

What organisms the virus infects

The way the viral genome is replicated

Whether or not it has a host derived "envelope"

The type of genetic material

The type of genetic material

Which of the following are true about HIV that causes AIDS?

it integrates it's genome into the host's genome

All answers are correct

Requires reverse transcriptase

It can be treated with antiviral drugs

All answers are correct

How is Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) distinct from Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)?

HSV can travel through nerve cells while HPV infects epithelial cells

All answers are correct

HSV has a lipid envelope while HPV does not

HSV has a linear genome whereas HPV has a circular genome

Only HPV has an effective vaccine

All answers are correct

Which of the following is NOT true about HIV

It integrates into the host genome

It is a dsDNA virus

It can be prevented with antiviral drugs

It requires reverse transcriptase

It is a dsDNA virus

What do the H# and N# of influenza variants refer to?

Proteins responsible for attachment and release of the virus

Proteins responsible for reverse transcription

Proteins responsible for integration into the host genome

Proteins that captured from different species

Proteins responsible for attachment and release of the virus

What viral surface protein is typically used to classify SARS-Cov2 variants

Spike

Neuramidase

Hemagglutinin

Serine protease

Spike

SARS-Cov2 evolves through which of the following processes?

Drift

Shift

Reassortment

Recombination

Drift

The specificity of viral attack of specific cells, tissues, and hosts is called which of the following?

Translation

Transcription

Tropism

Transposition

Tropism

Which of the following are common hosts for the influenza virus?

All of these

Swine

Humans

Poultry

All of these

Why do we need a seasonal flu shot?

you can only catch the flu in the winter

the virus keeps changing by genetic shifts aka "reassortment"

its spike protein keeps mutating

we run out of antibodies each season

the virus keeps changing by genetic shifts aka "reassortment"

What do the influenza virus, COVID-19 and RSV all have in common? Select all that apply

they are all RNA viruses

there is a vaccine for all of them

they are all respiratory viruses

they can be treated with reverse transcriptase inhibitors

- they are all RNA viruses

- there is a vaccine for all of them

- they are all respiratory viruses

What drives the production of different COVID variants?

mutations in the replicase

not by mutation

mutations in the spike protein

mutations all over the virus genome

mutations in the spike protein

Which of the following is FALSE

Resistance to antibiotics is inevitable

Most big pharma companies have abandoned antibiotic discovery

By 2050 antibiotic resistant bacteria are likely to kill more people than cancer

None of these

None of these

Which of the following infectious diseases has been completely eradicated from the world?

measles

smallpox

black plague

HIV

polio

smallpox

What is herd immunity?

Vaccination of domesticated animals so they can't act as a reservoir of disease

Vaccination of every person which is required for disease eradication

The % of the population that needs to be vaccinated to limit spread of the disease

Getting protective antibodies from the animals we eat

The % of the population that needs to be vaccinated to limit spread of the disease

Based on Ro, which of the following diseases is the most contagious?

Polio Ro=5-7

Smallpox Ro=4-7

Measles Ro=12-18

Mumps Ro=5-7

SARS Cov2 Ro=2-10

Measles Ro=12-18

Which of the following are important ways for preventing infectious disease? Choose all that apply

Vector control

Vaccination

Hygiene

Antimicrobials

Vector control

Vaccination

Hygiene

Antimicrobials

What are the differences between the innate and the adaptive immune systems?

the adaptive immune response involves antibody production

innate immunity is fast and adaptive immunity is slow

the innate immune response includes phagocytic cells such as macrophages, which engulf and destroy pathogens

All answers are correct

All answers are correct

What does the Ro number of an infectious disease tell us?

Correlation between disease incidence and mortality

Number of vaccine doses an individual needs

Overall disease transmissibility

Biological growth rate of the pathogen

Overall disease transmissibility

What do we mean by live attenuated vaccine?

the pathogen is broken down into individual components , which are inoculated into humans

nucleic acid from the pathogen is inserted into a virus vector like adenovirus, which is used to infect human cells

RNA from the pathogen is introduced into human cells via a lipoparticle

after passaging in cell culture many times, the pathogen loses it's virulence in humans yet retains its immunogenicity

after passaging in cell culture many times, the pathogen loses it's virulence in humans yet retains its immunogenicity

Which of the following statements is true for COVID-19 RNA vaccines?

the vaccine provides equal protection against all COVID-19 variants

the vaccine provides no immunity

the vaccine provides protective immunity

the vaccine provides sterilizing immunity

the vaccine provides protective immunity

Which of the following have efficacious vaccines that are widely available right now ?

HIV

Tuberculosis

Malaria

None of these

None of these

Microbes are key to genetic engineering which of the following?

Plants

Animals

Humans

All of these

All of these

How long have we had transgenic food crops?

5 years

50 years

500 years

> 5000 years

> 5000 years

The use of Agrobacterium to genetically engineer plants relies of which process?

Conjugation

Transduction

Transfection

Ballistic impact from the gene gun

Conjugation

Which of the following is TRUE regarding vaccines?

while safe for most, vaccines are not safe for everyone

we have an efficacious vaccine for HIV

measles has been eradicated so there is no need to vaccinate

there is an association between vaccines and autism

while safe for most, vaccines are not safe for everyone

What is true about horizontal gene transfer?

takes place from mother to child

movement of genetic material from one organism to an organism other than its offspring

only performed by scientists

only occurs between microbes

movement of genetic material from one organism to an organism other than its offspring

How does genome editing differ from transgenesis?

They are both the same thing!

Genome editing only works in bacteria

Genome editing deletes or modifies any genes. Transgenics is the insertion of a gene from a different organism

Only GMOs are made in the lab

Genome editing deletes or modifies any genes. Transgenics is the insertion of a gene from a different organism

What would you need to edit a plant genome using CRISPR?

plasmid DNA, bacterial cells

guide RNA, Cas9, DNA template

ribosomes, RNA polymerase

agrobacterium and the gene of interest

guide RNA, Cas9, DNA template

How is agrobacterium used to make a transgenic plant?

Ti plasmid DNA containing the gene of interest is transformed into Agrobacterium

All answers are correct

Agrobacterium infects plant cells

The Ti DNA with the insert is transferred into the plant cell and incorporated into the chromosome of the plant

All answers are correct

What type of bacteria are reported to affect people in pools?

Viruses

Bacteria

Parisites

All of these

All of these

How do we normally count native aquatic bacteria?

With the naked eye

By growing them on plates

By looking at them using a light microscope

By looking at them using an epifluorescence microscope

By using electron microspy

By looking at them using an epifluorescence microscope

If there are so many potentially pathogenic bacteria shed from swimmers, why don't more people get sick?

Frequent swimmers become immune to the pathogens through exposure

chlorine/bromine kills the pathogens

Pathogens are selectively filtered out via the filtration system

Swimsuit materials filter out pathogens

chlorine/bromine kills the pathogens

How many bacteria on average are there in a drop of seawater

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

10000000

Pool filters remove bacteria and viruses?

True

False

False

Why does the pH of the pool matter?

If its too high or too low it can irritate the skin

If it's too high the chlorine disinfectant can't penetrate and kill bacteria

If it's too low the chlorine disinfectant can't penetrate and kill bacteria

A and B

B and C

None of the above

A and B

Where on the tree of life do we find viruses?

Eukaryotes

Bacteria

Archea

None of these

None of these

What do all fermentation processes have in common?

Select against the growth of pathogenic bacteria

Require oxygen

Taste bad to humans

Shorten the shelf life of food products

Cause inflammation in the gut

Select against the growth of pathogenic bacteria

what is a prebiotic?

Something fed to babies before solid food

Food fiber that feeds the bacteria in your gut microbiome

A health promoting gut bacterium

Gut microbe metabolites that confer health benefits

None of these

Food fiber that feeds the bacteria in your gut microbiome

Which of the following best defines Precision Fermentation?

Making products such as yogurt and cheese

Production of specialty wines

Engineering a microbe to produce a specific product

Genetic engineering of a ruminant such as a cow or a sheep

None of these

Engineering a microbe to produce a specific product

What are some of the benefits of fermenting food (pick all that apply)?

reduces gut inflammation

preserves nutrients

produces additional vitamins

prevents growth of food pathogens

reduces gut inflammation

preserves nutrients

produces additional vitamins

prevents growth of food pathogens

Which of the following is compound that can promote the growth of healthy bacteria in the gut?

Postbiotic

Antibiotic

Probiotic

Prebiotic

Prebiotic

During fermentation, glucose is oxidized into two molecules of pyruvate while NAD+ is reduced to NADH. One pyruvate is used as food by the microbe, the other is used to reoxidize NADH back to NAD+ so the process can continue. Which of the following are potential fermentation products from the other pyruvate?

Ethanol

Acetic acid

All of these

Lactic acid

All of these

Why are some agricultural scientists focused on non-animal based proteins? Choose all that apply.

Agriculture involves growing crops thus no greenhouse gasses are released

Current agricultural practices need to double by 2050 to feed the global population

Current agricultural practices will be able to feed everyone who is on the planet by 2050

Livestock husbandry is responsible for ~50% of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions

-Current agricultural practices need to double by 2050 to feed the global population

-Livestock husbandry is responsible for ~50% of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions

Which of the following best describes the term Synthetic Biology?

No answer is correct

involves making completely different life forms in anything but microbes

genetically engineering organisms to be identical to those found in nature

genetically engineering organisms to have novel traits

genetically engineering organisms to have novel traits