AP Hug

Flashcards 1-7

Absolute location

The fixed location on Earth, usually using longitude and latitude.

Absolute distance

The measurement of the space between two locations measured in a standardized unit, typically in miles or kilometers, without considering any obstacles.

Arithmetic Density

The number of people per unit area of land, used to measure population distribution.

Cartogram

A thematic map that uses proportionality to depict data through varying area sizes, illustrating the distribution of a particular phenomenon.

Choropleth Map

A type of thematic map that uses differences in shading, coloring, or the placement of symbols to represent statistical data related to areas, allowing for easy visualization of regional variations.

Connectivity

The degree to which different locations are linked or interact with each other through transportation, communication, or social networks, influencing economic and social relationships.

Contagious diffusion

The spread of an idea, innovation, or phenomenon through direct contact or interaction among people, typically seen in the diffusion of cultural traits or diseases.

Density

A measure of the number of individuals or occurrences within a given area, often used to analyze population distribution or resource allocation.

Distance Decay

The decreasing interaction between two loations as the distance between them increases

Dot Distance Map

Dots represent the distribution of a phenomenon

Environmental Determinism

The discredited theory that the physical environment EXCLUSIVELY shapes human behavior, culture, and development.

Formal/Uniform Region

An area with a high degree of consistency in a certain cultural or physical attribute

Functional/Nodal region

An area organized around a “node” with surrounding areas connected to and influenced by that node, which poeple, goods, services, and information flow.

GIS

A computer system the captures, stores, analyzes, manages, and presents data

GPS

A satellite-based system to determine precise location on Earth

Hierarchal Diffusion

The spread of something from a place of power, trickling down to common society

Metes and Bounds

Land surveying that uses physical features along with directions and distances to define boundaries of land, is often overlapping with others.

Perceptual/Vernacular region

An area defined by peoples subjective perception, rather than by formal boundaries.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of arable land (suitable for farming)

Possibilism

The theory that the environment presents a range of possibilities for human development, but ultimately human actions determine how that environment is shaped.

Relative location

The position of a place in relation to other places.

Relative Distance

The distance between two places relative to one another.

Relocation Diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait through the physical movement of people from one place to another.

Scale of analysis

Globa, regional, national, or local-at which geographic phenomena are examined

Sequent occupancy

Multiple cultural groups secuentially occupy and modify a landscape, leaving layers over time.

Spatial Distribution

Centralized/Linear/Random

The arrangement of human activities across the Earth’s surface, focusing on where these things are located and how they are organized.

Stimulus Diffusion

A type of diffusion where an idea spreads from its origin but is chaged due to cultural or other barriers to its original form.

Thematic Map

A map designed to illustrate the spatial pattern of a specific subject within a geographic area

Time-Space Compression

The process where technological innovations reduce the time and effort needed to communicate, making the world feel smaller.

Topography

The physical features of the lands surface, including everything

Township and range

A system that divides land in the US, by creating a grid-like pattern.

Crude Birth Rate

Total # of live births a year for every 1000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate

The total # of deaths in a year per 1000 people in the society

Demographics

The study of the characteristics of a human population

Demographic Region

A geographically defined area whose populations share characteristics

DTM

How a population is impacted as a country develops

Dependancy Ratio

A demographic measure that compares the number of working age to non working age population

Ecumene

The portion of the Earth’s surface occupied by permenant settlement

Epidemiological Transition Model

Explains a how a country’s population faces a shift in leading causes of death as it undergoed development

Infant Mortality Rate

The annual # of deaths of infants under 1 compared to total live births

Malthus Theory

Population growing too rapidly because population increases geometrically, and fod supply increases arithmetically

Neo-Malthusian

Believes in moderns interpretations of the Malthusian theories

Total Fertility Rate

The average # of children a woman would have in her lifetime based on current birth rates

Cyclic Movement

Journe begins at home and returns daily

Gravity Model

Estimates the interaction between two places. Larger places attract more, closer places have more attraction than far ones.

Internal Migration

The movement of people within a country’s borders, from one region to another

International Migration

The movement of people across international borders

Interregional Migration

Movement from one region of a country to another

Interregional Migration

Movement within the boundaries of a region

Chain Migration

When a family member migrates, and others follow

Step Migration

Migrants move to a nearer place first then move fartheras they learn more about a further location

Periodic Movement

Involves a long period of time away (based on seasons)

Quotas

The max # of people who can immigrate to a country

Transhumance

The seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures.

Sawah/Paddy

Sawah, the physical flooded feild

Paddy, the rice crop grown within

Milkshed

The geographic area around a city which milk can be supplied without spoiling

Bid-Rent Theory

A model that explains price and demand for real estate decreases as the distance from the CBD increases

Extensive Agriculture

An ag system that uses large areas of land with low inputs per unit of land

1st Ag Revolution

The transition from nomadic hunting and gathreing to settled ag around 10,000 BCE

Green Revolution

The period of ag-transformation in the mid-20th century that brought new innovations to increase food production in developing countries.

Intesive Ag

Farming focused on maximizing yield from a small area of land, using high labor

Market Gardening

Small scale commercial production of high value crops for an urban market.

Mediterranian Ag

Specialized farming systems in regions with a “mediterranian” climate that grows diverse crops.

Monoculture

Growing a single crop over a large area for multiple seasons

Second Ag Revolution

A period of significant ag advancement from the 17th-19th century that increased food production.

Truck Farm

Large commercial farms that grows a variety of food to sell in urban centers.

Acculturation

The process where a minority culture adopt SOME of the traits of a more dominant culture

Assimilation

The process where a minority group adopts another culture, losing their own.

Centripetal Force

A factor that unifies a state, cohesion

Centrifugal Force

A factor that divides a state

Cultural Shatterbelt

Diverse, conflicting cultures exist in the same place leading to fragmentation.

Maladaptive Diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait to a new place where it is harmful or impractical in its new context leading to negative outcomes.

Folkculture

The traditional culture of small homogeneous groups.

Isogloss

Regions seperated by different languages, where a linguistic feature changes.

Vigorous Language

A language spoken but not written

Autonomous

A region with a high degree of self-governeance, independent from the central government, but still part of the larger state.

Agnosticism

The belief that it is impossible to know whether God exists.

Ethnic Religion

A religion tied to a culture, passed down, does not seek converts

Fundamentalism

A strict adhesion to a religion’s principals.

Proselytic

A universalizing religion

Secretic Religion

A belief system that blends elements from two or more religions, creating a new faith.

Secularism

The principle of separating religion from government.

Brownfields

Abandoned commercial properties complicated by real or percieved contaminations.

Favela

Brazilian squatter settlement, often right outside a major city.

Compartive advantage

The principal that a country can produce a service at a lower opportunity cost, leading to beneficial specialization.

Decentralization

The process of shifting authority from a central government to smaller levels to make governance more efficient.

Filtering

The more times a home is lived in, the more it will break down. Landlords fail to maintain property.

Hinterland

The region attracting customers to a central place

Megalopolis

A vast urban region formed by the merging of several large metropolitan areas

New Urbanism

An urban planning moverment countering sprawl by creating walkable neighborhoods.

Rank Size Rule

A principle stating a country’s cities’ populations are inversely proportional to their rank.

Redlining

Banks refuse to loan $ to a low income area. Hinders development of an area.

Demarcation

The physical marking of a political boundary on the ground.

Relic Bounday

A former political boundary that no longer functions as one.

Balkanization

The process where a state breaks down into smaller, political units, along ethnic, cultural, or religious lines.

Definitional Dispute

A written definition of the boundary

Location Dispute

Where on Earth is the boundary

Operational Dispute

Management of the boundary

Allocation Dispute

Resources

Antecedant Boundary

A border set before a population exists