Dev Psych Unit 3

What are the main challenges faced during adolescence?

The nature of adolescence, adolescent problems, health and puberty, and family dynamics.

What is juvenile delinquency?

Engagement in illegal behavior by minors, influenced by factors such as sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.

What are common risk factors for adolescent depression?

Bullying, neglect, hormonal changes, and a sense of egocentrism.

What is the third-highest cause of death for 10-19 year olds in the US?

Suicide.

How do rates of suicide attempts differ between genders?

Women are more likely to attempt suicide, while men are more likely to succeed.

What are the four major problems affecting adolescents?

Drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, sexual problems, and school-related issues.

What are effective components of adolescent prevention programs?

Intensive individualized attention, community-wide collaborative approaches, and early identification and intervention.

What percentage of adolescents aged 12-19 are overweight?

20%.

What is the average sleep duration for US adolescents on school nights?

Only 25% get 8 hours of sleep.

What are the leading causes of death in adolescence?

Unintentional injuries/accidents, suicide, and homicide.

What is anorexia nervosa?

An eating disorder characterized by the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

What is bulimia nervosa?

An eating disorder involving a binge-and-purge pattern.

What is puberty?

A brain-neuroendocrine process that stimulates rapid physical development during early adolescence.

What is effective parental monitoring?

Involves keeping track of adolescents' activities and enforcing rules to guide behavior.

What is the old model of parent-adolescent relationships?

Autonomy and detachment, where parents and adolescents are seen as isolated.

What is the new model of parent-adolescent relationships?

Autonomy and attachment, emphasizing the importance of parental support and connections.

What is the top-dog phenomenon in school transitions?

The experience of being the oldest and most powerful in one setting, then becoming the youngest and least powerful in another.

What is service learning?

A form of education that promotes social responsibility and community service.

What developmental advantages do friendships provide during adolescence?

Support, companionship, and opportunities for social skill development.

What are the stages of dating in adolescence?

Entry into romantic attractions, exploring relationships, and consolidating romantic bonds.

What are some cultural differences in adolescent experiences?

Variations in gender experiences, family dynamics, and rites of passage.

What are the impacts of socioeconomic status on adolescents?

Lower academic achievement, emotional problems, and increased risk of physical illness.

How does excessive screen time affect adolescents?

It can interfere with healthy development and is linked to increased screen addiction.

What is Piaget's formal operational stage?

The final stage of cognitive development, beginning around age 11, characterized by hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

What is adolescent egocentrism?

A heightened self-consciousness in adolescents, often manifested as an imaginary audience and personal fable.

What is the most important change in cognitive development during adolescence?

The development of executive function, including self-control and goal-directed behavior.

What is identity?

A self-portrait composed of many pieces and domains.

What does Erikson's theory state about identity development during adolescence?

It is characterized by the conflict of identity vs. identity confusion.

What are the stages of Erikson's psychosocial development related to identity?

1 Year: Trust vs. Mistrust, 1-3 yrs: Autonomy vs. Shame, 3-5 yrs: Initiative vs. Guilt, 6-puberty: Industry vs. Inferiority, 10-20 yrs: Identity vs. Identity confusion.

What is the dual cycle identity model?

It includes a formation cycle and a maintenance cycle for identity development.

What is the significance of ethnic identity?

It can lead to positive outcomes when there is pride in one's ethnic identity group.

What is emerging adulthood?

A developmental stage characterized by exploration and experimentation in various life domains.

What cognitive changes occur during early adulthood according to Piaget?

Individuals move into the formal operational stage, allowing for more systematic and sophisticated thinking.

What is postformal thought?

A proposed fifth stage of cognitive development where individuals can apply knowledge and understand others' perspectives.

What factors influence achievement in adulthood?

Self-efficacy, mindset (growth vs. fixed), delay of gratification, and intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation.

What is the 'career mystique' according to Phyllis Moen?

The belief that work is inherently fulfilling and that individuals should have a clear vision for their career.

How do gender differences manifest in friendships?

Women tend to have more close friends and engage in more self-disclosure, while men often engage in activities and are more competitive.

What are the categories of adult attachment?

Secure attachment style, avoidant attachment style, and anxious attachment style.

What is intimacy according to Erikson's sixth stage?

The ability to form close, loving relationships, which is related to identity development.

What does Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love include?

Three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

What trends are observed in adult lifestyles regarding marriage and divorce?

Marriage age is increasing, and while the divorce rate has dropped, the US still has one of the highest rates in the world.

What is the role of premarital education in marriage?

It can improve marriage quality and reduce the chances of divorce.

What is the impact of adolescent sexuality on identity?

It involves sexual exploration and experimentation, which is integral to developing a sexual identity.

What are the common sexual behaviors of Americans according to the 1994 Sex in America study?

Americans are generally conservative in their sexual lives, with many engaging in sex infrequently.

What is the significance of the 'top-dog phenomenon' in transitioning to college?

It refers to the experience of being the oldest and most powerful in one context and then becoming the youngest and least powerful in another.

What is the relationship between creativity and age?

Many individuals produce their most important creative work in their 30s.

What is the role of grit in achievement?

Grit refers to perseverance and passion for long-term goals, which influences achievement.

What are the implications of casual sex behaviors among young adults?

They reflect a trend towards 'fast sex and low love' in contemporary relationships.

How do communication styles differ between genders?

Women prefer rapport talk for establishing connections, while men prefer report talk for conveying information.

What are the key changes likely to occur in identity during emerging adulthood?

Identity changes often follow a pattern known as 'MAMA' (Moratorium, Achievement, Moratorium, Achievement).

What is the age range typically associated with middle adulthood?

Approximately 40-60/65 years old.

What does the contemporary life-events approach emphasize?

The influence of life events, mediating variables, life-stage context, and individual appraisal on adult development.

What are common physical changes that occur in middle adulthood?

Height loss, weight gain, sarcopenia, vision and hearing loss, and cardiovascular changes.

What is climacteric in the context of middle adulthood?

The transition in which fertility declines, including menopause in women and hormonal changes in men.

What are the two types of intelligence discussed in middle adulthood?

Fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence.

What did the Seattle Longitudinal Study evaluate?

Intellectual abilities during adulthood, identifying 'decliners', 'stable', and 'gainers'.

What are the 'Big Five' personality traits according to Costa and McCrae?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

What is the cumulative personality model?

It states that with time and age, people become more adept at interacting with their environment, leading to increased stability of personality.

What factors are related to positive outcomes in late adulthood according to George Vaillant's studies?

Not being a heavy smoker, not abusing alcohol, having a stable marriage, and possessing good coping skills.

What is generativity according to Erikson's theory?

The concern for establishing and guiding the next generation, occurring in middle adulthood.

What is the trend in divorce rates among middle-aged adults?

While divorce rates have decreased for young adults, they have increased for middle-aged adults, leading to the term 'gray divorce'.

What is 'empty nest syndrome'?

The feelings of sadness or loss parents may experience when their children leave home.

What is 'permarenting'?

A term describing parents who continue to be heavily involved in their adult children's lives.

How do sibling relationships typically change in adulthood?

They may become extremely close, apathetic, or highly rivalrous, with most adults maintaining close relationships.

What role do grandparents play in family dynamics during middle adulthood?

They often provide support during family crises and many become grandparents for the first time in middle age.

What is the 'sandwich generation'?

Adults in midlife who have responsibilities for both their own children and their aging parents.

What is the significance of mutual activities in middle-aged marriages?

Engaging in mutual activities contributes to higher marital satisfaction.

What are the implications of media use on marital attitudes?

Premarital education should help couples explore how media influences their attitudes and behaviors in marriage.

What is the importance of personal control in midlife?

A sense of control can be challenged, with some aspects increasing and others decreasing with age.

What are the effects of cohabitation on premarital education?

Cohabitation is a common experience that can complicate premarital education by introducing additional complexities.

What is the relationship between personality traits and health in adulthood?

Personality traits are related to health, intelligence, cognitive functioning, achievement, work, and relationships.

What is the trend in marital satisfaction after children leave home?

Marital satisfaction can either increase or decrease, with many experiencing a loss of privacy.

What factors contribute to the stability of personality traits in adulthood?

Intellectual orientation, self-confidence, and openness to new experiences are stable traits, while nurturance and self-control can change.

What is a key aspect of middle adulthood regarding careers?

It is a time of evaluation, assessment, and reflection about work and the future.

What percentage of middle adults aged 45-54 are employed in the US?

81%

What percentage of middle adults aged 55-64 are employed in the US?

65%

What is one of the top regrets in life related to leisure?

Lack of leisure.

What are some benefits of leisure in life and retirement?

Improved well-being and quality of life.

Who is Victor Frankl?

A psychologist known for his work on finding meaning in life, especially in the context of facing death.

What is a midlife crisis according to Levinson?

A period characterized by three stages split by transitions and four major conflicts.

What are the four major conflicts in Levinson's theory of midlife?

Young vs. old, destructive vs. constructive, masculine vs. feminine, attached vs. separated.

What is the age range for the late adult transition in Levinson's model?

Age 60 to 65.

What is the life span?

The maximum number of years an individual can live.

What is life expectancy?

The number of years the average person born in a particular year will probably live.

What is one biological theory of aging?

Cellular clock theory.

What happens to the brain's weight between ages 20 and 90?

It loses 5-10% of its weight.

What is neurogenesis?

The process of generating new nerve cells in the brain.

What is the Nun Study?

A study investigating aging in nuns that found intellectual challenge contributes to better quality of life and longevity.

What are common physical changes in late adulthood?

Wrinkles, age spots, and decreased height due to bone loss.

What is the most common chronic disorder in late adulthood?

Arthritis.

What is the leading cause of death for adults aged 65-74 in the US?

Cancer.

What is the leading cause of death for adults aged 75 and older?

Cardiovascular disease.

What percentage of adults aged 70 and older experience hearing loss?

63%.

What are some sensory losses that begin around age 60?

Loss of smell and taste.

What is a common sleep issue in older adults?

Difficulty sleeping and less deep sleep.

What are some reasons older adults have for maintaining sexual activity?

To maintain functioning, feel young, feel attractive, and shift from 'getting' to 'giving' sex.

What is the relationship between low income and health problems in late adulthood?

Low incomes are strongly related to health problems.

What is the impact of dual sensory loss in older adults?

It is linked to less social support, increased loneliness, cognitive decline, and depressive symptoms.

What is the effect of aging on pain sensitivity?

Older adults are less sensitive to pain, which can mask injuries and illness.

What is arthritis?

A condition characterized by inflammation of the joints, causing pain, stiffness, and movement problems, especially common in older adults.