Associated Clinical Sciences from Pg 10

What is alpha fetoprotein?

Measured in pregnant women using maternal blood or amniotic fluid as a screening test for a subset of developmental abnormalities; it is principally increased in open neural tub defects and decreased in Down syndrome

What is amenorrhea?

The abnormal cessation of menses (absent pre-menarche and post menopause)

Why is amniocentesis done?

Done for the health of the fetus, chromosomes, lung maturity

What is breast milk deficient in?

Vitamin D and iron

What is colostrum?

First breast milk

What is dilation of the cervix?

The expansion or stretching of the cervix during the 1st stage of labor

What is dysmenorrhea?

Painful menses; 1) increased prostaglandin 2) from pathology like endometriosis

What is dystocia?

Abnormal, painful, or prolonged labor

What is effacement?

Thinning of the cervix

What is engagement?

Decent of the fetal skull to the level of the ischial spines

What is hyperemesis gravidarum?

Excessive nausea and vomiting during pregnancy

What is laparoscopy?

The most common surgical procedure for the diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis

What is lightening?

The baby drops into the pelvis 2 weeks before delivery and produces lower abdominal pain

What is linea nigra?

Dark streak down the midline of the abdomen seen during pregnancy

What is lochia?

Vaginal discharge after delivery and throughout the puerperium; 1st red, 2nd yellow, 3 white

What is menarche?

1st menstrual cycle

What is Mittelschmerz?

Pain in abdomen at ovulation

What is multiparous?

More than one delivery of viable infant

What is nulliparous?

Never given birth to a viable infant

What is primpara?

First pregnancy with a viable infant

What is post partum infection?

Most commonly from C-section; most common complication of childbirth

What is puerperium?

Period of time after the delivery of the placenta to the complete involution of the organs; infection during this time is referred to as puerperal sepsis

What is quickening?

1st perception by the mother of fetal life

What is station?

Identifies the fetal position (cm) in relation to the spines of the ischium

What are the signs of pregnancy?

Menses 3 weeks late and presence of fetal heartbeat (best)

What is chadwick’s sign?

Bluish discoloration of the vagina

What is goodell’s sign?

Softening of the tip of the cervix

What is hegar’s sign?

Softening of the isthmus of the uterus

What is piskacek’s sign?

Enlargement of the uterus near the uterine tube over the site of implantation

What is atonic uterus?

Most common reason for post-partum hemorrhage

What are braxton hick’s contractions?

Early uterine contractions (oxytocin) without cervical changes

Where is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract?

Cervix

What is chloasma aka melasma?

Brown hyperpigmentation of the face/mask of pregnancy

What is choriocarcinoma?

Malignancy of the placenta due to abnormal epithelium

What is cystocele?

Herniation of the urinary bladder into the vagina

What is eclampsia?

A toxemia of pregnancy caused by hypertension leading to convulsions

What is ectopic pregnancy?

The fertilized egg most commonly implants in one of the fallopian tubes; symptoms include light vaginal bleeding, lower abdominal pain, cramping on on side of the pelvis

What is endometriosis?

Abnormal endometrial tissue outside the uterus; abdominal/back pain can cause infertility

What is endometritis?

Most common type of post-partum infection (staph/strep); inflammation of endometrium

What is fibrocystic breast disease?

Palpable nodules in breast after ovulation with regression after menses (overweight diabetic women)

What is a hydatidiform mole?

A benign of trophoblastic tissue which develops at the placenta; may become malignant and then is called choriocarcinoma; very high HCG seen

What is polycystic ovarian syndrome?

Presence of numerous cysts along the outer edge of the ovary caused by hormonal imbalance

What is pre-eclampsia?

Toxemia of pregnancy with the following signs (HEP; hypertension, edema, proteinuria)

What is rectocele?

Herniation of the rectum into the vagina; “collapsed pouch” along the posterior vaginal wall

What is FSH responsible for?

Maturation of the follicle

What is human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) responsible for?

Promotes health of corpus leuteum; used to detect pregnancy

What is LH responsible for?

Most responsible for ovulation

What is oxytocin responsible for?

Uterine contractions during labor and milk let down (ejection) following delivery

What is prolactin responsible for?

Responsible for milk production

What is the 1st stage of labor?

Dilation; from the 1st meaningful contraction to the full dilation of the cervix to 10 centimeters; longest stage

What is bloody show?

The release of the mucous plug during the first stage of labor

What is the 2nd stage of labor?

Expulsion; from full dilation of the cervix to delivery of the baby

What is the 3rd stage of labor?

Placental delivery; from delivery of the baby to delivery of the placenta (most dangerous to mother)

What is the 4th stage of labor?

Stabilization; a period of time from delivery of the placenta to several hours when the tone of the uterus is established and the uterus contracts expelling any remaining contents

What is placenta praevia?

Low lying placenta with partial obstruction of the internal os

What is placenta abruptio?

Normally placed, detaches from site; spontaneous abortion/premature separation

What is placenta accreta?

Does not separate after delivery

What is battledore placenta?

The umbilical cord is attached at the margin of the placenta; it rarely occurs and does not affect placental functioning

How is a pap smear taken?

Taken at the tip of the cervix and surrounding structures then stained

What is pap smear classification 1?

Normal

What is pap smear classification 2?

Atypical or benign (possible infection/inflammation)

What is pap smear classification 3?

Dysplasia/pre-cancerous

What is pap smear classification 4?

In situ/non-invasive carcinoma

What is pap smear classification 5?

Malignancy/invasive

What milestone is reached at 6-8 months?

First teeth

What milestone is reached at 6 months?

First food

What milestone is reached at 9 months?

Crawling

What milestone is reached at 10-14 months?

Assisted walking

What milestone is reached at 12-18 months?

Unassisted walking

What milestone is reached at 18 months?

Talking 10-15 words

When does the umbilical cord fall off?

7-10 days

When does the posterior fontanelle close?

3 months

When does the anterior fontanelle close?

2 years

What does a depressed fontanelle indicate?

Dehydration

What does a bulging fontanelle indicate?

Due to intracranial pressure; possible excessive crying

What is the APGAR score?

Heart rate (pulse), respiratory rate, color (appearance), muscle tone (grimace), reflex activity

What is lanugo?

Fuzzy hair on baby skin

What is meconium?

1st discharge from the intestine of newborn

What are mongolian spots?

Bluish, ill-defined areas of the skin in the buttock/scrotal region

When is a baby considered premature?

Born between 26-37th weeks and weigh less than 2500 g

What is vernix caseosa?

White cheesy substance on the baby’s skin at birth

What is Asperger’s syndrome?

A disorder on the autism spectrum (milder form)

What is botulism?

Food poisoning produced by honey, corn syrup, and molasses in newborn

What is caput succedeum?

Baby’s head has an unusual shape due to swelling of the scalp; considered benign

What is cradle cap?

Similar to seborrheic dermatitis in an adult

What is enuresis?

Bedwetting

What is erythoblastosis fetalis?

Hemolytic anemia in the fetus or neonate caused by trans-placental transmission of maternal antibodies to fetal RBCs; the disorder usually results from incompatibility

What is fetal alcohol syndrome?

Presents with delayed growth, microcephaly, retardation

What is Kwashiorkor?

Protein malnutrition (ascites)

What is leukemia?

Most common cancer in children and in down’s syndrome

What is marasmus?

General malnutrition

What is miliaria?

Prickly heat

What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?

Genetic disorder which creates the enzyme phenylalanine nonfunctional; can lead to mental retardation and seizures

What is prickly heat?

Miliaria from sweat glands

What is does a prolapsed cord lead to?

Fetal suffocation

What does vitamin K do?

Prevents hemorrhage in newborns

What is rubella aka german measles?

3 day measles; lasts a short time with a maculopapular rash and mild fever; danger to the fetus in the 1st trimester because it may result in birth defects

What is rubeola?

Has a prodromal stage of coryza (runny nose) and koplic spots on the buccal mucosa; lasts 2 weeks and presents with a maculopapular rash and high fever; the most common serious complication is bronchopneumonia

What is chicken pox?

Maculopapular rash; same as herpes virus that produces herpes zoster

What is mumps?

A mild disease in children and adults located in the parotid gland that can produce orchitis