Lab 9 - Review

The genetic code contains ________ (number) of nucleotides.

4

Purines contain ________(number) carbon-nitrogen ring bases.

2

Pyrimidines contain ________(number) carbon-nitrogen ring bases.

1

“A” in the nucleotide stands for _________ and is a purine.

Adenine

“G” in the nucleotide stands for _________ and is a purine.

Guanine

“T” in the nucleotide stands for _________ and is a pyrimidine.

Thymine

“C” in the nucleotide stands for _________ and is a pyrimidine.

Cytosine

“U” in the nucleotide stands for _________ and is a pyrimidine. It is also the only pyrimidine that is not found in DNA.

Uracil

An acronym for Single Nucleotide Polymorphism is __________.

SNP

SNP is when a single nucleotide is ____________ or ___________ to a sequence.

Substitute; altered

SNPs occur often in _______-___________ ______ of a gene or between genes and occasional in a coding region of a gene.

non-encoding regions (or introns)

SNPs have the potential to affect ________ splicing, which in turn could affect protein production or an enzymes 3D structure.

mRNA (or RNA)

Individuals that can taste the PTC compound have the __________ allele and are known as “tasters”.

dominant

PTC stands for?

Phenylthiocarbamide

PTC SNP occurs in the ___________(number) nucleotide position of the TAS2R38 gene.

145

There are ________ (number) distinct locations where an SNP change in the TAS2R38 gene can change the ability of an individual to taste the PTC compound.

3

_________% (number) of the population are tasters (either TT or Tt).

75

The most common haplotype version of the taste genes are _______ and _________.

PAV (tasters); AVI (non-tasters)

Restriction enzymes are ___________ that cut the phosphate bonds of both strands of DNA at specific sites.

endonucleases (or proteins/enzymes)

__________ sequences are symmetrical sequences that read the same way on both strands of DNA when read 5’ to 3’.

Palindromic

Digestion by a restriction enzyme that produces staggered ends are known as ________ ends.

sticky

The acronym for Polymerase Chain Reaction is __________.

PCR

PCR was invented by Dr. __________ ___________ in __________(year). He received a Nobel Prize award for his work in __________ (year).

Kary Mullis; 1983; 1993

__________ are specific sequences that are designed to anneal to a specific region of a DNA.

Primers

In a PCR mix. There are 5 components that are required. List them _________.

1. DNA template

2. Forward and Reverse Primers

3. Taq DNA Polymerase

4. dNTPs (Deoxynucleotide triphosphates / free nucleotides)

5. PCR Buffer (containing Mg²⁺)

During PCR, heating DNA to ~94oC is called __________.

Debaturation

During PCR, a range of temperatures from 45oC to 65oC is called __________.

Annealing

During PCR holding the temperature at 72oC after annealing is called __________.

Extension (or Elongation)

Replacing a “C” for a “G” at position 145, results in an amino acid change from Proline to ___________.

Alanine

TRUE or FALSE: A change in nucleotide at position 145 from a “C” to a “G” results in HaeIII being able to cut DNA at its specific site more efficiently.

True

In order to visualize DNA gel electrophoresis is utilized. What material is added to the casting buffer to make a gel in order to separate DNA bands?

Agarose

Ethidium bromide or SYBR safe are used to visualize _________ fragments in a gel.

DNA