Prenatal Development (not timeline)

fertilization

moment of conception: joining of the sperm and ovum to create a single celled zygote that develops into a baby

t/f: females are born with over 400,000 ova which mature at puberty

true

males produce sperm with much _____ (shorter, longer, or the same) lifespan as compared to ova and produce _______ sperm per day

shorter; several hundred million

3 stages of prenatal development

germinal, embryonic, fetal

germinal stage timeline

weeks 3 and 4 of pregnancy (first 2 weeks following conception)

germinal stage

first and shortest stage of prenatal development taking place during the first 2 weeks following conception

baby is called a ______ after the sperm meets the egg in the germinal stage

zygote

during the germinal stage methodical cell division leads the zygote to develop into a ___________. this is created by the cell dividing as it travels down the fallopian tube

blastocyst

blastocyst

characterized by an inner group of cells and an outer shell. the outer cells will eventually become the embryo and the outer shell will eventually become membrane that nourish and protect baby

blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall in week __

4

top left

oocyte

top right

zygote

1st day 2

first clevage

2nd day 2

4 cell

day 6

blastocyst

embryonic stage timeline

weeks 5-10 out of 40 week pregnancy (3-8 weeks following conception)

embryonic stage

middle stage of pregnancy during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems. the developing child is now composed of 3 layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

in the 2nd stage of prenatal development, baby is called a(n) _________

embryo

fetal stage timeline

weeks 10-40 of pregnancy (begins 8 weeks after conception until birth)

baby is called a(n) _______ in the last stage of prenatal development

fetus

fetal stage

stage where baby dramatically increases in size and weight, organs become more differentiated and operational, by 3 months baby swallows and urinates, by 4 months mom can feel baby move

teratogen sensitivity

various parts of the body are more sensitive to teratogens at different stages of development

teratogens

environmental agents such as a virus, chemical, or other factor that produces a birth defect. at some stages of prenatal development this may have a minimal impact but during other periods the consequences can be severe

____ is the most vulnerable body system during prenatal development with being open to teratogen sensitivity the entire time

CNS

the heart is vulnerable to teratogens from week _-_. During the ______ stage

3-10; embryonic

mothers over 30 and adolescent mothers are at a greater risk for a variety of pregnancy and birth complications such as…

premature birth, low birth weight, down syndrome, higher infant mortality rates, illness

contracting _________ prior to the 11th week can cause blindness, deafness, heart defects, or brain damage

rubella (german measles)

_______ and _______ can cause birth defects and miscarriage

chicken pox; mumps

______ and ______ can be transmitted to the child

syphilis; gonorrhea (syphilis usually begins to cross the placental barrier at the 4th month, so if antibiotic treatment is initiated before then you can prevent complications)

______ (drug) can lead to bleeding

aspirin

______ (drug) causes missing limbs

thalidomide

_____ (drug) restricts oxygen to fetus

marijuana

_____ (drug) restricts blood flow and oxygen. also babies are born addicted and have to go through withdrawl, they’re shorter, weight less, often hvae serious respiratory probs, seizures, and it’s often impossible to soothe them

cocaine

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

a disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy potentially resulting in cognitive delay, delayed growth, and facial deformities

alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND)

associated with intellectual disabilities, learning disabilities, and behavioral probs (not necessarily physical disabilities)

alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD)

birth defects related to the heart, kidneys, bones, or with hearing. these may be isolated defects or a mix of any of them (not necessarily cognitive disabilities)