Yh2 käsitteet

Alkutuotanto

One of the main sectors of the economic structure that includes agriculture, forestry, mining, and fishing.

Arvonlisävero (alv)

An indirect tax included in the price of a product, which the seller pays to the tax authority.

Bruttokansantuote

A measure of economic growth; the total monetary value of goods produced in a national economy, typically calculated annually.

Deflaatio

A decrease in the general price level of goods and services.

Devalvaatio

The intentional reduction of a country's currency value in comparison to other currencies.

EMU

Economic and Monetary Union; an agreement among 19 EU member countries regarding a common monetary policy and currency, the euro.

Euriborkorko

The average interest rate of loans granted among major stable banks operating in the euro area.

Euroopan keskuspankki

The institution that leads the common monetary policy of the euro area, primarily aimed at maintaining price stability and preventing inflation.

Finanssipolitiikka

Regulation of public sector revenues and expenditures to increase or decrease aggregate demand; a means to address disturbances in the economy.

Finanssipääoma

Money and securities that do not inherently produce anything and therefore are not counted as factors of production.

Fuusio

The merging of two or more companies.

Harmaa talous

Economic activities conducted outside of official accounting.

Hintamekanismi

Guides companies in production decisions and the use of production factors, resulting in the best possible production structure.

Huoltotase

A balance that describes the total supply of a national economy (GDP and imports) and total demand (consumption, investments, and exports).

Hyödyke

A good or service; goods can be divided into consumer goods and producer goods.

Inflaatio

An increase in the general price level of goods and services.

Infrastruktuuri

The basic investments in society, such as roads, ports, and power plants.

Innovaatio

Essentially a new product, production method, idea, or practice.

Investointi

The acquisition and construction of capital goods (e.g., machines, factory buildings, and roads) for production purposes.

Joukkovelkakirjalaina

A loan sold in small parts to investors in the capital markets (e.g., bonds).

Julkin palvelu

Services produced by society, primarily funded by tax revenues, that aim not to generate profit.

Kannattavuus

The profitable operation of a business.

Kansantalous

The totality formed by households, companies, financial institutions, and public entities within a nation.

Kartelli

A (secret and illegal) agreement in which companies partially or completely abandon competition among themselves.

Kasvu- ja vakaussopimus

An agreement within the Economic and Monetary Union dictating that member states' annual budget deficits must be below 3% of GDP, and total debt must be under 60% of GDP.

Kauppatase

An account that describes the export and import of goods; a sub-account of the balance of payments.

Kelluvat valuuttakurssit

Exchange rates that are determined by the demand and supply for different currencies.

Kiinteät valuuttakurssit

Rates that remain unchanged under the supervision of the central bank and other authorities unless they are devalued or revalued.

Kilpailukyky

A company's ability to survive in economic competition with other enterprises in the same field.

Kitkatyöttömyys

Temporary unemployment due to changes such as relocation.

Korko

Compensation paid by a borrower to a lender; the price of money.

Kuluttajahintaindeksi

Index that describes the price development of goods purchased by consumers (households); an inflation measure.

Kustannusinflaatio

Inflation resulting from rising costs (wages, raw materials, etc.).

Kysyntä

The willingness to purchase goods at different price levels.

Kysyntäinflaatio

Inflation caused by rising prices of goods when demand exceeds supply.

Lama

A deeper and longer recession during which total production declines.

Laskusuhdanne

An economic phase where production growth slows down or production decreases.

Liikevaihto

Annual sales revenue after deductions such as value-added tax and credit losses.

Maksutase

The total foreign monetary flows of a country over a specific time.

Markkinahinta

The market price that forms based on supply and demand for goods; influenced by production costs, indirect taxes, and subsidies.

Markkinakorko

The interest rate level determined by the demand and supply for money.

Markkinat

Where demand and supply meet (commodity, financial, labor markets).

Monopoli

A market condition where there is only one seller.

Niukkuus

Describes the conflict between people's needs and production possibilities.

Noususuhdanne

An economic phase where production growth accelerates or production increases.

Obligaatio

A bond that has reliable collateral, making it a very low-risk investment option (e.g., a government bond).

Ohjauskorko

The auction rate associated with the central bank's basic financing operations, influencing market interest rates and thus the price of money.

Osake

A share of the capital stock of a corporation.

Osinko

The share of profits paid by a corporation to its shareholders.

Ostovoima

The amount of goods that can be purchased with the available amount of money; purchasing power decreases when prices rise, unless incomes increase correspondingly.

Pk-yritys

A small or medium-sized enterprise with a maximum of 250 employees.

Primekorko

The reference interest rate set by banks.

Progressiivinen vero

A tax rate that increases as income or wealth increases.

Pörssi

A marketplace for trading securities and commodities.

Rahapolitiikka

Policies by the central bank to influence the amount of money in circulation and interest rates, thereby affecting total demand and economic development.

Rakennetyöttömyys

Unemployment caused by changes in production methods or a lack of skills among workers, or where employees and job opportunities are in different locations.

Reaaliansio

Indicates the real purchasing power of wages and other income.

Reaalikorko

Nominal interest rate minus inflation.

Reaalipääoma

The machinery, equipment, factory buildings, telecommunications equipment, and other means of production required for production.

Revalvaatio

The intentional increase in the value of a country's currency in comparison to other currencies.

Sijoitusrahasto

A fund consisting of various stocks, bonds, or interest-bearing investments, whose shares are sold to investors.

Suhdanne

Variations in total production (GDP); typically divided into four phases: growth, peak, decline, and recession.

Suhdannepolitiikka

Economic policies aimed at stabilizing fluctuations in economic cycles.

Suhdannetyöttömyys

Unemployment related to recession or downturn phases.

Säästäminen

The portion of national income that is not consumed.

Taantuma

When a country's GDP does not grow for two consecutive quarters; prolonged recession is referred to as depression.

Tarjonta

The amount of goods that producers are willing to sell at a certain price.

Tase

An accounting calculation of a company's assets and liabilities at the time of the financial statement.

Tulo- ja menoarvio (budjetti)

A calculation of, for example, a government's revenues and expenditures for the following year.

Tulonsiirto

Transfers to households, municipalities, and companies; for example, child benefits and student financial aid.

Tulopolitiikka

Economic policies aimed at agreeing on wages, income distribution, and other working conditions; with the goal of maintaining the country's competitiveness.

Tuotannontekijä

Labor, raw materials (and other natural resources), and real capital.

Tuottavuus

The quantity of production per worker in a given time frame.

Vaihtotase

The difference between a country's foreign income and expenses.

Valtionosuus

Support from the state to municipalities.

Valuuttavaranto

Foreign currencies held by the central bank.

Veroaste

The amount of taxes paid relative to GDP.

Verokiila

The difference between labor costs borne by the employer (wages and social security contributions) and the net salary received by the employee.

Viitekorko

The interest rate to which banks tie the rates of the loans and deposits they provide; for example, Euribor and prime interest rates.