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Old age dependency ratio

In Japan, the old age dependency ratio is 50:100.

Life expectancy in Japan

The life expectancy in Japan is 88 years.

Population change from peak (2008 to 2070)

The population will drop by 40 million or 30%.

Obesity rate in Japan

The obesity rate in Japan is less than 4%.

Average age of a farmer in Japan

The average age of a farmer in Japan is 70.

Average age of a construction worker in Japan

The average age of a construction worker is 55.

Current retirement age in Japan

The current retirement age in Japan is 62.

Number of schools shutting each year in Japan

Over 400 schools shut each year.

Solutions to ageing population problems

Suggestions include using school sites to build care homes, raising retirement age to over 70, and encouraging immigration (over 15 million).

CBR vs CDR in Japan

CBR (Crude Birth Rate) is less than 8, while CDR (Crude Death Rate) is over 12.

Japan's CBR

Japan's Crude Birth Rate is 1.3.

Reasons for low birth rates in Japan

Traditional roles for women, long working hours for men, and high urban population of 92% contribute to low birth rates.

Migration in Japan

Migration is low due to lack of historical immigration, with only 2% of the population being migrants.

Reasons for high life expectancy in Japan

High life expectancy attributed to low cholesterol diets, low obesity rates, and an excellent healthcare system.

DTM

DTM stands for Demographic Transition Model.

Number of stages in DTM

There are 5 stages in the Demographic Transition Model.

Characteristics of Stage 1

Stage 1 has high Crude Birth Rate and high Crude Death Rate.

Characteristics of Stage 2

Stage 2 has high Crude Birth Rate and falling Crude Death Rate.

Characteristics of Stage 3

Stage 3 has falling Crude Birth Rate and low Crude Death Rate.

Characteristics of Stage 4

Stage 4 has low Crude Birth Rate and low Crude Death Rate.

Characteristics of Stage 5

Stage 5 has low Crude Birth Rate and rising Crude Death Rate.

UK in Stage 1

The UK was in Stage 1 in the Pre 1780s.

UK in Stage 2

The UK was in Stage 2 between 1780-1860.

UK in Stage 3

The UK was in Stage 3 between 1860-1940.

UK in Stage 4

The UK was in Stage 4 post 1940.

UK in Stage 5

The UK is arguably not in Stage 5, but Spain, Italy, South Korea, and Japan are.

Stage 1 CDR factors

1) Lack of available food. 2) Cramped living conditions with poor sanitation. 3) High infant mortality.

Stage 1 CBR factors

1) Family virility. 2) Religious influences. 3) Manual labor necessity. 4) Lack of birth control.

Stage 2 CDR factors

1) Improved medical care. 2) Improved sanitation and water supply. 3) Improved transportation routes. 4) Decrease in infant mortality.

Stage 2 CBR factors

1) Continued lack of birth control. 2) Desire for family legacy. 3) Need for caretakers for aging parents.

Stage 3 CDR factors

1) Nationally available medical care. 2) Micronutrient-rich food.

Stage 3 CBR factors

1) Lower infant mortality rates. 2) Fewer manual labor needs. 3) Higher living standards. 4) Availability of family planning.

Stage 4 CDR factors

Factors are the same as stage 3.

Stage 4 CBR factors

1) High living costs. 2) Women's emancipation. 3) Work vs. children dilemma. 4) High childcare costs. 5) Later marriages.

Stage 5 CDR factors

Growing deaths outnumber births due to an aging population.

Stage 5 CBR factors

Factors are the same as stage 4.

Population pyramid metrics

The two metrics of a population pyramid are age and gender.

Width of pyramid bars

Bars on a population pyramid are 5 years wide.

Wide-based pyramid feature

A wide-based pyramid indicates a high Crude Birth Rate.

Concave pyramid stage

A concave pyramid represents Stage 1.

'Pyramid' shaped pyramid stage

A 'pyramid' shape indicates Stage 2.

Tapered base pyramid stage

A pyramidal shape with a wide top and tapered base is in Stage 4 or 5.

Young dependents

The group between 0-14 years old is called young dependents.

Economically active group

The group between 15 and 59 years old is economically active.

Old dependents

The group of 60+ years old is referred to as old dependents.

Dependency ratio of 80

A dependency ratio of 80 means there are 80 dependents for every 100 workers.

Economically active group in HICs

In HICs, individuals may start work after 20 and retire early.

Economically active group in LICs

In LICs, school often ends by age 11, and retirement age may not be attainable.

Five most populous nations

The five most populous nations are India, China, USA, Indonesia, and Pakistan.

Challenges to accurate census completion

1) Falsification of information. 2) Lack of government apparatus. 3) Costly process. 4) Literacy challenges.

Population growth manipulation in Nigeria

Manipulation suggested by identical growth across all states.

Afghanistan's population figures issue

Outdated figures could alter political structure, causing unrest.

Global population approximation

Approximately 8 billion people are on Earth.

Years to add last billion since 1974

It took between 12 and 13 years to add each of the last billion people since 5 billion was reached.

Peak population growth rate

Population growth rates peaked around 1975 at 2.1% per year.

Define CBR

Crude Birth Rate is the number of live births per 1000 people per year.

Define CDR

Crude Death Rate is the number of deaths per 1000 people per year.

Natural population increase

Natural population increase is calculated by CBR - CDR.

Total population change calculation

Add migration to natural population increase to find total population change.

Main factors affecting CBR

Factors include urbanization, economic prosperity, age-sex structure, female literacy rates, social and religious beliefs, poverty levels, government policies, infant mortality, and age of marriage.

Urbanization effects on CBR

Urbanization leads to lower CBR due to living space constraints and reduced agricultural reliance.

Higher female literacy and CBR relationship

Higher literacy rates give women more economic value than reproductive value.

Government encouragement/discouragement of births

Governments can use taxes, laws, and propaganda to influence birth rates.

Age of marriage influence on CBR

Younger marriages allow longer fertility windows; societies valuing women's reproductive roles tend to encourage lower economic roles.

Total Fertility Rate definition

Total Fertility Rate is the average number of children per woman.

Replacement level fertility

Replacement level fertility is the number of children needed to replace parents, typically 2.1 in industrialized countries.

Demographic divide in 1950

In 1950, the demographic divide was between the USA (TFR of 3) and India (TFR of 6) with 10% world population in between.

Demographic divide in 2005

By 2005, 80% of the world's population had TFR below 2.6.

Projected population with TFR below 2.3 in 2100

In theory, 97% of the world's population will have a TFR below 2.3 by 2100.

Under five deaths in LICs under 28 days

50% or more of under five deaths in LICs are of those under 28 days old.

Respiratory infections and diarrhoeal diseases in under 5s

Respiratory infections and diarrhoeal diseases account for 20% of deaths in under 5s.

Key contributors to CDR

Contributors include access to healthcare, age-sex structure, stability, conflict, crime, clean water, calorie intake, and vaccination programs.

Disease eliminated by WHO in 1977

Smallpox was eliminated by WHO in 1977.

Disease targeted for elimination by Gates Foundation

The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation aims to eliminate malaria.

Average global calorie intake

The average calorie intake globally is 3000 calories.

Average calorie intake in USA

The average calorie intake in the USA is 3900 calories.

Average calorie intake in India

The average calorie intake in India is 2500 calories.

Access to improved water source worldwide

90%+ of the world has access to an improved water source.

People without access to clean water

Approximately 700 million people lack access to clean water.

Long-term social care programs reducing CDR

Examples include pensions, healthcare, social care, and housing.

Maternal Mortality Rate

Number of maternal deaths due to childbirth per 100,000 live births.

Infant Mortality Rate

Number of deaths below one year old per 1000 live births per year.