todays

What is the old age dependency ratio in Japan?	50:100
What is the life expectancy in Japan?	88
How will the population have changed from its peak in 2008 to 2070?	Drop by 40 million or 30%.
What is the obesity rate in Japan?	Less than 4%
What is the average age of a farmer in Japan?	70
What is the average age of a construction worker?	55
What is the current retirement age?	62
How many schools shut each year?	400+
What could be done to help fix the problems of an ageing population?	Use the sites of schools to build care homes. Raise the age of retirement to 70+, encourage immigration (over 15 million).
What is the CBR vs CDR?	CBR is less than 8 whilst CDR is over 12
What is Japan's CBR?	1.3
Why are birth rates so low?	Traditional roles for women who don't want to be at home with children on their own. Men go out with their work colleagues rather than coming home. They have the longest working hours in the G12. 2/3s of men between 25-29 are unmmarried. Very high urban population - 92%
Why is migration so low?	No history of immigration. Only 2% of population are migrants. It IS increasing - but very slowly. Culturally unused to migrants.
Why is life expectancy so high?	Low cholesterol diets. Rice, fish and fresh vegetables. Very low rates of obesity. Excellent healtcare system.

What does DTM stand for?	Demographic Transition Model
How many stages are there in the DTM?	5
Describe Stage 1	High CBR and high CDR
Describe Stage 2	High CBR and falling CDR
Describe Stage 3	Falling CBR and Low CDR
Describe Stage 4	Low CBR and low CDR
Describe Stage 5	Low CBR and rising CDR
The UK was in Stage 1 in?	Pre 1780s
The UK was in Stage 2 in?	1780-1860
The UK was in Stage 3 in?	1860-1940
The UK was in Stage 4 in?	Post 1940
The UK was in Stage 5 in?	Arguably not. However, Spain, Italy, South Korea and Japan are all in Stage 5.
Stage 1 CDR factors	1) Lack of available food. 2) Cramped living conditions and lack of proper sanitation (leading to Cholera, typhoid, dysentery) and 3) High infant mortality.
Stage 1 CBR factors	1) Virility. (Families and especially men are looked upon more favourably if they have more children, esp boys). 2) Religion. 3) Need for manual labour. 4) No birth control. (A lack of education, lack of information, unavailable or too expensive)
Stage 2 CDR factors	1) Improved medical care. (Vaccinations, hospitals). 2) Improved sanitation and water supply. 3) Improved transport routes (Access to hospitals decreases IMR and CMR). 4) Decrease in infant mortality. 5) Regular food supply.
Stage 2 CBR factors	1) Still no birth control. 2) Need for someone to carry on the family name. 3) Someone to look after parents in old age.
Stage 3 CDR factors	1) Nationally available medical care. 2) Micronutrient rich food.
Stage 3 CBR factors	1) Lower infant mortality rates. 2) Fewer manual labourers needed due to automation and industrialisation. 3) Rise in the standard of living to be maintained. (People had less children to allow them do buy more things). 4) Family planning. Contraceptives, sterilisation, abortion and government incentives.
Stage 4 CDR factors	As stage 3
Stage 4 CBR factors	1) High standard and cost of living. 2) Emancipation of women (women’s rights) 3) Pressures of work and work vs children dilemma. 4) High cost of childcare 5) Couples marry later in life.
Stage 5 CDR factors	1) Ageing population leads to more deaths than births, so CDR grows.
Stage 5 CBR factors	As Stage 4.
What are the two metrics of a population pyramid?	Age and gender
How wide are the 'bars' on a population pyramid?	5 years
A wide-based pyramid has	A high CBR
A concave pyramid is in what stage?	Stage 1
A 'pyramid' pyramid is in what stage?	2
A pyramid with a wide top and a tapered base is in what stage?	4 or 5
What is the name of the group between 0-14 years old?	Young dependents
What is the name of the group between 15 and 59 years old?	Economically active
What is the name of the group of 60+ years old?	Old Dependents
What does a dependency ratio of 80 mean?	For every 100 working there are 80 dependent on them.
How does the economically active group change in HICs?	In HICs you may not start work until 20+ and may afford to retire early.
How does the economically active group change in LICs?	In LICs you may not be in school beyond 11 and may not be able to retire.

What are the five most populous nations on Earth?	India, China, USA, Indonesia, Pakistan
Give three reasons why countries find it hard to complete an accurate census	1) People falsify information 2) Lack of govt apparatus to record everyone 3) It's expensive 4) In areas of low literacy people struggle to fill in the forms
What was it about the population growth in Nigeria that suggested there was manipulation of the figures?	All states grew exactly the same amount.
Despite much more accuracy, what was the reason given by the Afghanistan government that they didn't adopt more up to date population figures.	It changed the distribution of the population. This would have changed the political structure of parliament and led to political unrest.
To the nearest billion, how many people are there on Earth?	8 billion
How many years has it taken to add each of the last billion people since 5 billion was reached (in theory) in 1974?	Between 12 and 13 years.
When did population growth rates peak?	Around 1975 at 2.1% per year.
Define CBR	Number of live births per 1000 people per year
Define CDR	Number of deaths per 1000 people per year
What is natural population increase?	CBR-CDR
What do you add to natural population increase to get total population change?	Migration
List the main factors that affect CBR	Urbanization, Economic Prosperity, Age- sex structure, female literacy rates, social and religious beliefs, poverty levels, government policies, infant mortality, age of marriage.
Why does urbanization cause a lower CBR?	1) Space is expensive, so more crowded living. 2) No longer need children to work on land 3) Educating children is expensive.
Why do higher female literacy rates relate to lower CBR?	Their economic value becomes more important that their reproductive value.
Suggest three ways in which governments can encourage or discourage births.	1) Taxes, 2) laws, 3) propaganda.
Why does age of marriage influence CBR?	Younger marriage leads to a longer fertility window. Also - countries where women marry young tend value them for reproduction and less for their economic value.
What is Total Fertility Rate?	The average number of children per woman
What is replacement level fertility?	Number of children needed per women to replace themselves and their partner (2.1 in industrialised countries)
In 1950 where was the demographic divide?	It was between the USA on a TFR of 3 and India with a TRF of 6 and only 10% of the world's population in between.
In 2005 where was the demographic divide?	There wasn't one. 80% of the world's population had a TFR of below 2.6.
In theory what % of the world's population will be below 2.3 TFR in 2100?	97%
What % of deaths in under fives in LICs are of those under 28 days old?	50%+
Respiratory infections and diarrhoeal diseases cause what % of deaths in under 5s?	20%
What are the key contributers to CDR?	Access to medical care, age-sex structure, political stability, conflict, violent crime, access to clean water, average daily calorie intake, vaccination programmes.
What disease was eliminated by WHO in 1977	Smallpox
Which disease have Bill and Melinda Gates vowed to eliminate?	Malaria
What is the average calorie intake globally?	3000 calories
What is the average calorie intake in the USA?	3900 calories
What is the average calorie intake in India?	2500 calories
What % of the world have access to an improved water source?	90%+
How many people don't have access to clean water?	Around 700 million
What examples of long term social care programmes help reduce CDR?	Pensions, health care, social care, housing.
What is the Maternal Mortality Rate?	Number of maternal deaths due to childbirth per 100,000 live births.
What is the Infant Mortality Rate?	Number of deaths below 1 year old per 1000 live births per annum.