(7) Neurobiology of Disease

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Last updated 1:35 AM on 4/15/26
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5 Terms

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major excitatory neurotransmitter

Glutamate

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 glutamate to these disorders:

  • Schizophrenia → underactivation of glutamate receptors

  • Mood disorders → elevated cortical glutamate

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Neurotransmitters to Know

  • Dopamine

    • altered in schizophrenia

    • low dopamine can be involved in depression

  • Norepinephrine

    • low norepinephrine can be involved in depression

    • abnormalities also show up in generalized anxiety disorder

  • Serotonin

    • low serotonin can be involved in depression

    • abnormalities also show up in generalized anxiety disorder

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Brain Regions & Function

  • Prefrontal cortex

    • affected in schizophrenia

    • affected in PTSD

  • Hippocampus

    • affected in schizophrenia

    • smaller in adults with PTSD

  • Amygdala

    • involved in panic disorder/GAD/PTSD

  • Cingulate cortex

    • involved in GAD

  • Basal ganglia / frontal cortex circuitry

    • involved in OCD

  • Limbic and frontal cortical areas

    • increased activity in social anxiety disorder

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hypothalamus

  • Major axes

  • HPA axis dysregulation

    • hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

    • linked with mood disorders

  • HPT axis dysregulation

    • hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis

    • linked with mood disorders

  • Cortisol changes are also mentioned