Core Foci of Sociology and Examining Social Problems

These flashcards cover key concepts in sociology, focusing on social problems, inequality, institutions, mobility, and related terminology.

Sociological Imagination

The ability to see the connections between individual lives and larger social forces.

Social Inequality

The unequal distribution of rights, opportunities, and privileges among different social groups.

Social Institutions

Structured norms, values, and rules of conduct that shape human interaction.

Social Mobility

The ability for individuals or families to move up or down the social ladder.

Intergenerational Mobility

Social mobility that occurs between generations, such as from parent to child.

Absolute Poverty

A condition where an individual lacks the basic resources necessary for survival.

Relative Poverty

A condition where an individual’s resources are significantly less than the average, impacting their standard of living.

Surplus Value

The excess value produced by workers over what they are paid.

Social Class

A category of people with shared economic interests, typically defined by their relationship to the means of production.

Petite Bourgeoisie

Small capitalists who may own production means but do not employ workers.

Cycle of Poverty

The process by which poverty is perpetuated, often through limited opportunities and systemic barriers.

Basic Income

A guaranteed annual income intended to reduce inequality and eliminate poverty.

Status

The social honor or prestige that a person holds in society based on their position.

Class Consciousness

Awareness of one’s social class and the interests associated with it.

Ideology

Beliefs and ideas that govern individuals' lives, which can constrain their ability to act against their interests.

Stratification System

A structured ranking of individuals or groups within a society, affecting their access to resources and opportunities.