Chapter 8 - Research Methods

Define: rebound effect,

trying not to think about it, makes us think about it more

For an experiment to establish causation, it must meet three specific criteria, list them and explain

1. Covariation: when changes in one variable result in another variable changing

2. Temporal precedence: changes in the suspected cause (e.g wearing safety gear) occur before the changes in the effect or outcome. (e.g being risky)

3. Extraneous variable: An outside variable

True or false: “With temporal precedence, you cannot determine which variable is the cause and which is the effect”

false, it’s without.

mundane realism is which of the following

a) how closely our study parallels the real world

b) how ecological valid our study is

c) how differently our study parallels the real world

d) your MOM

a) how closely our study parallels the real world

Define: a two-group designs/ simple experiment

Literally in the name. It’s an experimental design that compares two groups or conditions, easiest way to study cause and effect.

True or false: The experimental group is whichever group doesn’t receive the key treatment

GIRL FALSE! Experimental, we’re experimenting with this group so ofc they get the treatment! We want to see how the treatment affects them

The control group is which of the following

a) the group that gets the treatment, under certain circumstances

b) the group that gets the treatment

c) the group that gets less of the treatment

d) the group that does not get the treatment, under certain circumstances

c) the group that gets less of the treatment DUH. Control group, we control what they do and don’t get and they aint getting NADA!

True or false: Experimental control refers to the “high degree of experimental control, or the ability to keep everything between groups the same except for the one element you want to test”

True, basically you want to keep everything between the groups the same, but the one thing you’re manipulating (e.g the treatment)

What solution can guarantee a high experimental design?

“Laboratory where experimenters can control many factors to help keep participants’ experiences similar.”

Which method is the best for conducting an experiment

a) a-little-more-vs-a-little-less

b) all-or-nothing

c) a & b could work depending on the circumstance

d) none of the above

a) a-little-more-vs-a-little-less

Define: experimental hypothesis

making a clear and specific prediction of how the independent variable will influence the dependent variable

Define: independance

the assumption that each participant represents a unique and individual data point

Define: random assignment

any method of placing participants in groups that is nonsystematic and nonbiased

True or false: matched-pair design, is where you create a set of two participants who are highly similar on a key trait (e.g., two texting addicts), then randomly assign one to the experimental group and the other to the control group.'

TRUE. literally it’s in the name, MATCHED. PAIR.

Define: experimental realism

such that participants become engrossed in the manipulation and feel like it influences them

Define: researcher notes

researchers keep track of anything out of the ordinary that happens during the study.

Define: manipulation check

measuring tool that helps determine whether the manipulation effectively changed or varied the independent variable across group

effect size (represented by d) means..

how big the difference is between the group

Define: null hypothesis

A “no difference” hypothesis