HB Anatomy and Physiology Tutorials Review

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering anatomy, biochemistry, cellular metabolism, the nervous system, and sensory receptors based on lecture materials.

The __________ system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands and functions in protection and temperature regulation.

Integumentary

The __________ system responds to internal and external changes via nerve impulses to provide rapid body control.

Nervous

The Cardiovascular system transports oxygen, nutrients, and wastes while regulating body temperature and __________ balance.

water

The Respiratory system keeps the blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide to help maintain __________ balance.

acid-base

The __________ system contains lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, lymphocytes, tonsils, spleen, and the thymus gland.

Lymphatic

The Urinary system filters blood and excretes wastes in urine while regulating fluid, __________, and acid–base balance.

electrolyte

The brain is located within the __________ cavity.

Cranial

The heart and lungs are located within the __________ cavity.

Thoracic

The stomach, liver, intestines, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and kidneys are located in the __________ cavity.

Abdominal

The bladder and reproductive organs are located in the __________ cavity.

Pelvic

__________ is defined as the study of body structure.

Anatomy

__________ is defined as the study of body function.

Physiology

__________ is a condition of equilibrium within the body’s internal environment.

homeostasis

In a homeostatic control system, a __________ is a change that disrupts normal conditions.

Stimulus

The __________ in a control system detects changes and sends information to the control centre.

Receptor

A muscle or gland acting as an __________ carries out a response in a homeostatic system.

Effector

The directional term __________ means towards the head.

Superior

The term __________ (ventral) refers to being at the front of the body.

Anterior

The term __________ refers to being nearer to the midline of the body.

Medial

The term __________ describes a location farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk.

Distal

The term __________ describes a location towards the body core, usually the head or trunk.

Central

The __________ plane divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections.

Frontal

The __________ plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) sections.

Transverse

The body position where a person is lying face down is called __________.

Prone

The body position where a person is lying face up is called __________.

Supine

The __________ position involves standing upright, face forward with feet flat, arms at sides, and palms facing forward.

Anatomical

__________ feedback reverses a change to restore normal conditions, such as regulating temperature or blood sugar.

Negative

__________ feedback amplifies a change, with examples including blood clotting and childbirth.

Positive

The __________ covers and protects the cell and acts as a selectively permeable barrier.

Cell membrane

The __________ in the cell contains genetic information ($DNA$) and controls cell activities.

Nucleus

These organelles, called __________, join amino acids together to make proteins.

Ribosomes

The __________ processes and packages proteins in the cell.

Golgi apparatus

__________ vesicles transport and release proteins via exocytosis.

Secretory

Mitochondria produce energy for the cell in the form of __________.

ATP

The phospholipid bilayer is composed of hydrophilic heads and __________ tails.

hydrophobic

__________ transport is the movement down a concentration gradient where no energy ($ATP$) is required.

Passive

The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from high to low concentration is called __________.

Osmosis

__________ transport moves substances against a concentration gradient using energy ($ATP$).

Active

The uptake of solid particles into a cell, known as "cell eating," is called __________.

Phagocytosis

The uptake of fluids into a cell, known as "cell drinking," is called __________.

Pinocytosis

Groups of similar cells with a common function are organized into the __________ level.

Tissue

The symbol for the calcium ion is __________.

$$Ca^{2+}$$

Enzymes are protein __________ that speed up reactions.

catalysts

Extremes in pH can __________ enzymes, causing them to lose their function.

denature

Acids have a high concentration of $H^+$ and a pH range of __________.

$$0-6$$

In a __________ solution, water leaves the cell, causing the cell to shrink.

Hypertonic

In a __________ solution, there is no net movement of water and the cell remains unchanged.

Isotonic

In a __________ solution, water enters the cell and causes it to swell.

Hypotonic

In aerobic respiration, the stage of __________ splits glucose into 2 pyruvate in the cytosol.

Glycolysis

The Krebs cycle produces __________ within the mitochondria.

$$CO_2$$

Anaerobic respiration converts glucose into pyruvate and then to __________ when oxygen is absent.

lactic acid

__________ refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in the body.

Metabolism

__________ is the process of joining molecules together.

Anabolism

__________ is the synthesis of glycogen from glucose when blood glucose levels are high.

Glycogenesis

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose when blood glucose levels are low is called __________.

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from __________ or proteins.

lipids

__________ occurs when triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.

Lipolysis

__________ are produced in the liver from excess acetyl-CoA when glucose levels are low.

Ketones

Ammonia is converted to __________ in the liver and then excreted in urine by the kidneys.

urea

The __________ layer of the skin contains keratin and melanin for protection.

Epidermis

In the skin, __________ produce melanin to protect against UV radiation.

melanocytes

The four main tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscular, and __________.

Nervous

__________ squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flat cells used for diffusion and filtration.

Simple

__________ connective tissue provides insulation, energy reserve, and protection around organs.

Adipose

The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, smooth, and __________.

Cardiac

__________ membranes line closed body cavities, with the visceral layer covering the organs.

Serous

The three layers of the meninges are the pia mater, arachnoid mater, and __________.

dura mater

Cerebrospinal fluid ($CSF$) is produced in the __________ plexus.

choroid

The three structures of the diancephalon are the thalamus, hypothalamus, and __________.

epithalamus

The __________ lobe is responsible for learning, problem solving, and voluntary movement.

Frontal

The __________ lobe contains the primary auditory area and Wernicke’s area for language comprehension.

Temporal

__________ are shallow grooves that separate adjacent gyri on the brain.

Sulci

The __________ Nervous System ($CNS$) consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Central

In a neuron, the __________ receives signals, while the axon carries impulses away.

Dendrite

The __________ is the region on a neuron where the action potential starts.

trigger zone

The __________ increases the speed of signal transmission along an axon.

myelin sheath

Bundles of axons in the Peripheral Nervous System ($PNS$) are called __________.

nerves

__________ matter in the brain and spinal cord consists of myelinated axons.

White

The two main ions involved in generating a nerve impulse are __________ ($Na^+$) and potassium ($K^+$).

sodium

__________ conduction occurs in myelinated axons and involves the impulse "jumping" between nodes of Ranvier.

Saltatory

The influx of __________ ($Ca^{2+}$) into the presynaptic neuron triggers the release of neurotransmitters.

calcium

The adult spinal cord typically terminates at the __________ level.

$$L1–L2$$

The __________ nervous system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

autonomic

There are __________ pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

12

The __________ nerve is the major parasympathetic nerve that controls heart rate and digestion.

vagus

The phrenic nerve, which supplies the diaphragm, originates from the __________ plexus.

Cervical

The femoral and sciatic nerves originate from the __________ plexus.

Lumbosacral

In a reflex arc, the __________ neuron processes the signal in the spinal cord.

interneuron

__________ are sensory receptors that detect body position and sense of orientation.

Proprioceptors

__________ are sensory receptors that detect pain and tissue damage.

Nociceptors

__________ is a reduced response to a constant stimulus over time.

Adaptation

__________ fibres for pain are myelinated and transmit sharp, localized pain.

A-delta

__________ pain is felt in internal organs within the thorax, abdomen, or pelvis.

Visceral

The __________ nervous system is associated with the "fight or flight" response.

sympathetic

The acronym __________ (salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation) describes parasympathetic functions.

SLUDD

During a sympathetic response, heart rate and contractility __________.

increase

The sympathetic division causes bronchodilation, which involves an __________ in airway diameter.

increase

The parasympathetic division causes the pupil diameter to __________.

constrict

Reflex arcs in the __________, brainstem, and spinal cord are involved in the autonomic nervous system.

hypothalamus

A reduction in __________ production is an age-related change that impairs memory and cognition.

neurotransmitter