NURS 322: Week 4 - Learner Characteristics Sex, Gender, Culture, SES, Health status, Motivation

Sex and gender are interchangeable (True/False).

Bacon, this is like elementary stuff, and you should know by now the difference by now.

3 multiple choice options

What is gender binary?

The belief that there are only male and female sexes and that gender must match biological sex.

What is cisgender?

An individual whose gender aligns with their biological sex.

What is transgender?

An individual whose gender doesn't match their biological sex.

What is non-binary?

An individual who doesn't conform to the gender binary.

What is gender gap measured by?

- Health

- Education

- Economics

- Politics

What is gender bias?

Stereotypical beliefs about individuals based on gender/sex.

What are some possible causes of the gender gap in length of life?

- Women are more likely to seek health care more often

- Men are expected to be stronger

- Men tend to be risk-takers

- Men tend to face more health hazards

- Women report higher levels of symptom distress

Men are smarter than women (True/False).

This is gender bias Bacon, and there's no solid evidence to back this up.

3 multiple choice options

Research suggests that personality characteristics are based on what?

- Culture

- Heredity

What is the independent self?

The person who you want to be.

What is the interdependent selves?

The person who you have to be.

What are some teaching strategies based on sex?

- The human brain should not be classified as male or female

- Teat each person as unique

- Evaluate each individual's cognitive abilities and learning styles

What are some teaching strategies based on gender?

- Use correct language

- Be familiar with terms

- Stay up to date with trends and literature

- Be comfortable about the topic

- Avoid assumptions

- Be inclusive

What is the most important social determinant of health?

Socio-Economic Status.

What are some teaching strategies based on socio-economic status?

- Focus on teaching how to attain and maintain health

- Be aware of how socio-economic status affects learning

- Have a two-generational approach

- Avoid making assumptions

What is multiculturalism?

The idea that different cultures can exist peacefully together with emphasis on respect for cultural diversity.

What is the melting pot theory?

The idea of abandoning individual cultures by encouraging them to "melt together" to become assimilated into the dominant society.

What is the salad bowl theory?

The idea of having a society in which people of different cultures coexist yet retain the unique characteristics of their traditions.

What is the Purnell model for cultural competence?

A framework that provides a comprehensive, systematic, and concise" approach to assist nurses in delivering care and in teaching others in a more holistic, culturally competent manner.

What are 4 layers of the Purnell model for cultural competence?

- Global society

- Community

- Family

- Person

What are the 12 cultural domains in the Purnell model for cultural competence?

- Overview/heritage

- Communication

- Family roles and organization

- Workforce issues

- Bicultural ecology

- High-risk behaviours

- Nutrition

- Pregnancy

- Death rituals

- Spirituality

- Healthcare practices

- Healthcare providers

What is the shared decision marking (SDM) model?

An approach where clinicians and patients share the best available evidence when faced with the task of making decisions, and where patients are supported to consider options, to achieve informed preferences.

What does the mnemonic BELIEF mean as a cultural assessment tool?

- Beliefs

- Explanation

- Learn

- Impact

- Empathy

- Feelings

What does the mnemonic ETHNIC mean as a cultural assessment tool?

- Explanation

- TreatmentS

- Healers

- Negotiated

- Interventions

- Collaborate

What does the mnemonic LEARN mean as a cultural assessment tool?

- Listen

- Explain

- Acknowledge

- Recommend

- Negotiate

What are some teaching strategies when it comes to culture?

- Use transcultural resources

- Assess readiness to learn from a cultural standpoint

- Use assessment guidelines regardless of cultural orientation

- Use professional interpreters

What are the assessment guidelines?

- Assess language

- Observe family dynamics

- Listen

- Consider communication and nonverbals

- Explore beliefs, customs, and taboos

- Consider time

- Determine appropriate communication approaches

- Assess religious practices

What is the health belief model (HBM)?

A model that explains and predicts health behaviours based on the patients' beliefs about the health problem and the health behaviour.

What is the main assumption of the health belief model?

That patients are willing to participate and that they believe that health is highly valued.

What are the 3 components of the health belief model?

- Individual perceptions (severity or personal risk)

- Modifying factors (demographical, education on specific disease)

- Likelihood of action (perceived benefits vs perceived barriers)

According to the health promotion model (HPM), what are the 3 components and variables that influence health-promotion behaviours?

- Individual characteristics and experiences (two variables- prior related behavior and personal factors.)

- Behaviour-specific cognitions (perceptions)

- Behavioural outcomes (health-promoting behavior)

What is self-efficacy?

An individual's belief regarding the capacity to take action toward achieving a goal.

According to Bandura, how is self-efficacy cognitively appraised?

- Performance accomplishments

- Vicarious experiences

- Verbal persuasion

- Emotional arousal

What is the most influential source of self-efficacy according to Bandura?

Previous performance accomplishments.

What is protection motivation theory (PMT)?

The theory that people make decisions about their health based on a threat and coping appraisal.

What are the 3 stages of Lewin's change theory?

- Unfreezing

- Change

- Freezing

What is involved in the unfreezing stage in Lewin's change theory?

Analyzing old or current behaviours or processes and identifying where change is needed.

What is involved in the change stage in Lewin's change theory?

New practices or strategies that can be challenging to the learner.

What is involved in the freezing stage in Lewin's change theory?

The. change is practiced and reinforced.

What are the 6 stages of the stages of change model?

- Pre-contemplation (no current intention of changing)

- Contemplation (accept or realize that they have a problem and begin to think seriously about changing it)

- Preparation (planning to act within the time frame of 1 month)

- Action (overt/visible modification of behavior)

- Maintenance (6 months to a lifetime. There are common challenges to this stage, including overconfidence, daily temptation, and relapse self-blame)

- Termination (problem no longer presents any temptation)

What is the theory of reasoned action (TRA)?

The idea that behaviour is influenced by intention, which in turn in influenced by social norms. (personal beliefs about a behaviour and beliefs about how others (referents) will perceive the behaviour)

What concept did the theory of planned behaviour add to the theory of action?

Perceived behavioural control.

What is the therapeutic alliance model?

A model that addresses a shift in power from the provider to a learning partnership in which collaboration and negotiation with the consumer are key. (out come expectation of self-care)

According to the social ecological model, what are 5 levels that have an influence on health behaviours?

- Intrapersonal or individual factors

- Interpersonal and relationship factors

- Organizational and institutional factors

- Community factors

- Societal or public factors

What is motivation?

To set into motion.

What is compliance?

A willingness to yield to demands or expectations.

What is adherence?

How someone's behaviours match the recommendations of their healthcare provider.

What are motivational constructs?

Components of motivation that serve as internal or external forces influencing an individual to act or not to act.

What are the 5 motivational constructs?

- Motivation is influenced by the brain

- Cognitive and affective behaviours have a positive or negative impact on motivation

- Personal belief and attributes influences motivation

- Relationships, culture, and society can influence motivation

- Self-regulated activities influence motivation

What is self-regulated learning?

An action-oriented approach to learning whereby the learner takes responsibility for their learning rather than just reacting to teaching situations.

What are the 3 phases of self-regulated learning?

- Forethought

- Performance

- Self-reflection

What are motivational axioms?

Rules that set the stage for motivation.

What is an axiom?

An accepted truth.

What are the motivational axioms?

- State of optimal anxiety

- Learner readiness

- Realistic goal-setting

- Learner satisfaction/success

- Uncertainty-reducing/maintaining dialogue

Having too much or too little anxiety can affect motivation (True/False).

True

1 multiple choice option

The more successful a learner is, the more motivated they become (True/False).

True

1 multiple choice option

What is done during pre-task?

- Assessing learner's experiences and self-efficacy goals

- Creating a safe and relational atmosphere

What is done during task?

- Active learning strategies

- Simulation

- Concept mapping

- ARCS

- Motivational interviewing

What is done during post-task?

Self-evaluation.

What are the 4 parts of the ARCS model?

- Attention

- Relevance

- Confidence

- Satisfaction

What is the ARCS model good for?

Helping the educator build a motivational learning environement.

What are the 5 parts of the READS model?

- Roll with resistance

- Express empathy

- Avoid argumentation

- Develop discrepancy

What is the READS model good for?

Exploring the client's intrinsic motivation by assessing and resolving ambivalence to behaviour change.

What are the 4 parts of the OARS model?

- Open-ended questions

- Affirmations

- Reflective listening

- Summarizing

What is the OARS model good for?

Specific strategies used to build motivation.