Cells 23

What is comparative genomics?

The comparison of genomes to identify similarities and differences.

Why do scientists use comparative genomics?

To identify important conserved regions and understand biological differences between species.

What is a conserved DNA region?

A DNA sequence that remains similar across species because it performs an important function.

What does a highly conserved DNA region suggest?

It is likely biologically important.

What is sequence alignment?

Lining up DNA sequences to compare similarities and differences.

Why compare genomes within a species?

To identify variants associated with disease, phenotype, and evolutionary history.

Why compare genomes between species?

To understand evolutionary relationships and identify genes involved in species-specific traits.

What are genomic variants?

Differences in DNA sequence between individuals or species.

Why is it difficult to identify genes responsible for uniquely human traits?

Because humans share many genes with other animals and many gene functions remain unknown.

What are ancient DNA studies used for?

To investigate human origins, evolution, and adaptation.

What are the main challenges of ancient DNA analysis?

DNA degradation, contamination, and sequence damage.

What major discovery came from the Neanderthal Genome Project?

Modern humans and Neanderthals interbred.

How does comparing genomes help us understand human biology?

Comparing genomes helps scientists identify conserved and variable DNA regions, understand gene function, discover variants associated with disease, and investigate human evolution and adaptation.