Medicinal Agents - Local Anti-infectives

Flashcards covering medicinal local anti-infectives including alcohols, phenols, oxidizing agents, halogens, chlorine compounds, cationic surfactants, dyes, and mercury compounds.

Alcohol, USP

Also known as ethanol, ethyl alcohol, or wine spirit; it is a fermentation product from carbohydrates with a proof of $160$ or more, used to denature bacterial proteins.

Denatured Alcohol

Ethanol mixed with other substances such as methanol, benzene, and/or iodine to make it unfit for use.

Rubbing Alcohol

$70\%$ Ethanol; used as a mild local anesthetic, astringent, rubefacient, and refrigerant.

Absolute Alcohol

Dehydrated alcohol containing not less than $99\%$ ethanol, often produced through azeotropic distillation.

Isopropyl Alcohol

Isopropanol ($2$-propanolol) used in concentrations of $50\%$ to $95\%$ as a disinfectant and local anesthetic.

Ethylene oxide

$C_2H_4O$; a gas sterilant that acts by the alkylation of functional groups in nucleic acids and proteins.

Formaldehyde Solution

A solution of $37\%$ formaldehyde with methanol used as a disinfectant and embalming fluid by alkylating functional groups in proteins.

Glutaraldehyde

A $5$-carbon dialdehyde (brands: Glutarol, Cidex) used as a sterilant and disinfectant.

Phenol coefficient

The ratio of a dilution of a given test disinfectant to the dilution of phenol required to kill a standard bacterial strain; it measures germicidal activity relative to phenol.

Phenol

Also known as Carbolic acid; introduced by Sir Joseph Lister and used as an antiseptic or disinfectant.

Liquefied Phenol, USP

Phenol containing $10\%$ water.

Cresol

A mixture of $3$ isomeric methylphenols obtained from coal tar or petroleum; has a phenol coefficient of $2.5$.

Thymol

Isopropyl m-cresol extracted from oil of thyme (Thymus vulgaris); used as an antifungal.

Eugenol

$4$-Allyl-$2$-methoxyphenol obtained from clove oil (Eugenia caryophyllus); used as a local anesthetic and antiseptic in toothache drops and mouthwash.

Resorcinol

m-dihydroxybenzene (resorcin); used as an antiseptic and keratolytic with a phenol coefficient of $0.4$.

Hexylresorcinol

$4$-Hexylresorcinol; used as an antiseptic, bactericidal, fungicidal, and local anesthetic with a phenol coefficient of $14.4$.

Hexachlorophene

$3,4,6$-trichlorophenol (pHisoHex); an antiseptic with a high phenol coefficient of $98$.

Hydrogen peroxide

$10$ volume = $3\%$ concentration; releases $10\,mL$ of $O_2$ per volume, acting as an antiseptic for anaerobic wounds by liberating oxygen in tissues.

Carbamide peroxide

Gly-Oxide; a stable complex of urea and hydrogen peroxide that releases $H_2O_2$ when mixed with water to remove debris via oxygen bubbles.

Hydrous benzoyl peroxide

Panoxyl; used as a keratolytic and keratogenic agent that induces the proliferation of epithelial cells.

Iodophores

Complexes of iodine with nonionic surfactants that inactivate proteins via iodination and oxidation of aromatic residues.

Iodine Tincture

A germicide containing $2\%$ iodine in $50\%$ alcohol with $NaI$.

Iodine Solution

Contains $2\%$ iodine in water with $NaI$.

Lugol's Solution

Contains $5\%$ iodine in water with $KI$.

Povidone-Iodine

Betadine or Isodine; a charge-transfer complex of iodine with the nonionic surfactant polymer poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) used as a pre-surgery disinfectant.

Halazone

p-Dichlorosulfamoylbenzoic acid; used as a water disinfectant.

Chloroazodin

$N,N$-Dichlorodicarbonamide (Azochloramid); used as a wound antiseptic.

Oxychlorosene sodium

Clorpactin; an antiseptic and irritant used as an ingredient in carbol-fuchsin solution.

Cationic Surfactants

Quaternary ammonium compounds that ionize in water and act by dissolving into microbial cell membranes, causing destabilization and lysis.

Benzalkonium chloride

Alkylbenzyl dimethylammonium chloride (Zephiran); used as an emulsifier, wetting agent, antiseptic, and preservative.

Methylbenzethonium chloride

Diaparene; used as a general antiseptic and for treating diaper rash caused by yeasts.

Cetylpyridium chloride

$1$-Hexadecylpyridinium chloride (Bactidol); a general antiseptic used for the treatment of gingivitis.

Chlorhexedine

An antiseptic and mouthwash that is not absorbed through skin or mucous membranes and causes cell lysis.

Gentian Violet

Hexamethyl-p-rosaniline chloride (crystal violet); an antifungal and anthelmintic (for strongyloidiasis) active against Gram-positive bacteria.

Basic fuchsin

A mixture of rosaniline and p-rosaniline (Castellani's Paint) used as an antifungal.

Methylene blue

Urised; used as a bacteriostatic antiseptic for cystitis and urethritis, and as a treatment for cyanide poisoning.

Nitromersol

Metaphen; a mercury-based antiseptic for skin and eyes that reacts with sulfhydryl ($-SH$) groups in enzymes and proteins.

Thimerosal

Merthiolate; a mercury-based bacteriostatic and antiseptic with an "inner salt" structure.