Day 2: Maza Presentation Lecture + Dry Lab

Tissues

Make up organs, and multiple organs form systems

4 types of tissues

Epithelial (tissue), connective, muscle, nerve

Epithelial tissue in relation to cells

Continuous sheets of cells

Organization of tissue

Sub cellular structures —> cells —> tissues —> organs —> organ systems

Each ____ has a distinct appearance.

tissue

Histologically

Structural difefrences

Epithelial cells are _____ to each other.

close

Type of tissue that is continuous sheets that cover body surfaces (external and internal) and have secretory glands

Epithelial

Main roles (+ specialization) of epithelial tissue

Protection, absorption, and/or secretion

Epithelial tissue is described based on (2 things)

• Shape of cells

• How many layers

Squamous

Flat epithelial tissue

Cubodial

Cube-shaped epithelial tissue

Columnar

Columns of epithelial tissue

Simple

1 cell layer of epithelial tissue

Stratified

1+ cell layer of epithelial tissue

Pseudostratified

Appears stratified at 1st, but all cells rest on basement membrane (floor that epithelial cells sit on but not all cells reach the face of)

Tissue where the cells don’t adhere

Connective

Tissue that’s surrounded by an extracellular matric

Connective

Extracellular matrix

Watery gel (negatively charged —> attracted hydration), fibrous compounds (collagen) —> flexibility/strength, good framework for structures that connective tissue surrounds)

Muscle tissue purpose

For the locomotion of limbs, contraction of visceral organs

Myocytes

Muscle cells that form muscle tissue containing varying amounts and contractile proteins

Contracile proteins

Allow myocytes to shorten

Contractile proteins help muscle tissue to be classified as (2 types)

• Striated

OR

• Smooth

Striated (Muscle tissue)

If contractile fibers are organized to bands. Skeletal and cardiac.

Skeletal striated

Muscles in musculoskeletal system —> biceps/bronchi

Cardiac Striated

Allows rapid transmission of electrical signals. Coordinates contractions + blood.

Smooth (Muscle tissue)

Striations aren’t visible —> whole cells contracted. Found in topically contracted sphincters (ex. pyloric sphincter) that separates the stomach from the small intestine —> controls gestation)

Topically contracted sphincters

Ring-like muscles that remain in a continuous, sustained state of contraction to keep an organ or passage close

Pyloric sphincter

A band of smooth muscle at the bottom of the stomach that acts as a valve

Nervous tissue commands _____ and ______ responses.

internal, external

Neurons

Receive/transmit electric signals from other cells, cell bodies have nucleus where axon extends to allow signals to travel to end of neuron —> communicates with target cell

Neuroglia

Don’t transmit signals, but structural, metabolic support

CNS (Central Nervous System)

Brain and spinal cord

PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)

Network of nerves outside the CNS that connects the limbs and organs to the brain and spinal cord.

Etiology

• Define the disease

• Describe the underlying cause of the disease

  • If idiopathic ("of unknown origin")

  • Infectious, congenital (a medical condition, trait, or abnormality that is present at or before birth), trauma, etc.

Pathogenesis answers what questions

• Describe the disease process

• Tell the physiological story, from the underlying cause to the presenting clinical signs

• For example, how does parvovirus infection cause lethargy and diarrhea in a puppy?

Parvovirus infection

a highly contagious, severe viral disease that primarily targets the rapidly dividing cells in animals—most notably the intestinal tract, bone marrow, and (in young puppies) the heart muscle. It is highly fatal if left untreated, but is largely preventable through routine vaccination.

Lethargy in puppies

an abnormal lack of energy, enthusiasm, or responsiveness. Unlike normal tiredness from active play, a lethargic puppy is unusually sluggish, shows no interest in their environment, refuses food, and is difficult to wake.

Signalment

Age, sex, species, and breed

Castration

any surgical or chemical process that disables the function of the testes in males or the ovaries in females, halting the production of sex hormonesand preventing reproduction.

History

Signs or behaviors preceding presentation reported by the owner

History examples

Owners of dogs affected with GDV have reported that their dog became sick after exercise that followed a meal

Signalment example

2-yo, male castrated, terrier mix

Prevalence

The number of cases of the disease in a given population at a certain time

Exampels of populations that need prevalance

• Male/female

• Geographic region

• Entire species

• Certain breed

Clinical signs def

Describe the signs observed in patients suffering with the disease

What are Clinical Signs similar to

“Problem list” associated with the patient suffering with the disease

Physical exams with clinical signs

Physical Exam findings often fit in well with this part of the write-up. PE findings may also fit well with the methods for diagnosis

How does the veterinarian determine that a patient is affected by the disaese?

SNAP, titers, clinical signs, specialized exams, etc.

SNAP

a Spay and Neuter Assistance Program (or Project), which provides low-cost or free services to help control pet overpopulation. The term can also refer to a specific type of rapid health test in veterinary medicine or an action an animal takes.

(antibody) titers

antibody titer is a blood test that measures the concentration of specific antibodies circulating in the bloodstream. It serves as an indicator of an animal’s immune response or prior immunity against specific infectious diseases (like rabies, parvovirus, or distemper).

What to do for Diagnoses

When appropriate, describe how other differentials for the clinical signs are ruled out

Developmental Anatomy

Seeks to understand embryologic form and the structural changes that occur as an organism develops from fertilized oocyte to neonate.

Microscopic Anatomy

Focuses on understanding structure at the cellular level, often by looking at pieces of tissue sliced very thinly, mounted on slides, and stained to allow easier visualization of certain features.

Gross anatomy

Concerned with structure at the level of tissues and organs observable with the naked eye.

The head contains all but the _____ and _____ systems.

renal, reproductive

All body parts contain the _______ system.

muscloskeltal

Face

The rostral part of the head. This part is commonly associated with the respiratory and digestive systems.

Cranium

The cranium technically refers to the braincase, but this context refers to the caudal part of the head. Associated with the nervous system.

The _____ portion of the neck connects the _____ to the back, that includes the cervical vertebral column and supporting _______. Associated with nervous system.

dorsal, cranium, musclature

The _____ portion of the neck connects the _____ and digestive systems of the face with the trunk.

dorsal, respiratory

Back

The dorsal part of the trunk that comprises the thoracolumbosacral vertebral column and associated musculature. Associated with nervous system.

Thorax

Part of the trunk between the neck and abdomen. and includes thoracic cavity and supporting musculoskeletal structures. Associated with cardiopulmonary system.

Trunk

The torso (the main body without the head and limbs) or the proboscis (a long, flexible snout)

Thoracic cavity

The chamber of the body enclosed by the rib cage, spine, and sternum

Abdomen

The part of the trunk between the thorax and pelvis that includes the abdominal cavity and supporting musculoskeletal structures. Associated with digestive system.

Pelvis

Part of the trunk caudal to the abdomen that includes the pelvic cavity and supporting musculoskeletal structures, including the pelvic girdle (bony pelvis). Associated with the urogenital system.

Urogenital system

Combined anatomical grouping of the urinary system (excretory organs) and the reproductive system (genital organs).

Thoracic limb

What we would refer to as our arm - comprises the axilla, brachium, elbow, antebrachium, and manus

Pelvic limb

What we would refer to as our leg - comprises the thigh, stifle (knee in humans), crus, and pes

Tail

Caudal-most region of the animal, predominantly includes muscloskeletal structuressuch as vertebrae and associated musculature.

Parts of the trunk (4)

• Back

• Thorx

• Abdomen

• Pelvis

Anatomic planes

• Median, transverse, dorsal

• At 90 degrees to each other

• Divide the body into sections

Planes separate sections into

A head, neck, trunk, and four limbs

Central axis

Divides the body into symmetric left and right halves (mirroed to esch other)

Morphology of dorsoventral and craniocaudal halves

Asymmetric, with craniocaudal and dorsoventral directionality being est. in embryologic development

Median plane

A plane extending along the central axis, dividing the body into equal (symmetric) left and right halves

Sagittal plane

All planes parallel to the median plane

Transverse planes

All planes perpendicular to the central axis. Divides the body into cranial and caudal sections.

Dorsal planes

All planes perpendicular to both the median and transverse planes; can also be thought of as parallel to the dosum (back) of the animal. Divide the body into dorsal and ventral sections.

Draw where the median plane, dorsal plane, and transverse plane are.

Hopefully you drew this.

Long axis

Oriented proximodistal (runs along the length of the limb)

Short axis

Perpendicular to the long axis

Dorsal image

The long axis that divides the proximal limb into cranial and caudal sections—and the distal limb into dorsal and palmar/plantar sections

Transversal plane

Divides the limb into proximal and distal sections. Allows differentiation of left, right, dorsal, and palmar/plantar.

Sagittal plane

Divides the limb into left and right sections. Allows differentiation of dorsal, palmar/plantar, proximal, and distal

Dorsal plane

Divides the limb into dorsal and palmar/plantar sections. Allows differentiation of left, right, proximal, and distal.

Median

Located in the median plane (the plane that runs along the central axis of the animal’s body and divides it into left and right halves, AKA the midline)

Medial

Close to the median plane

Lateral

Further from the median plane

Intermediate

Between medial and lateral

Sagittal

Located in a plane parallel to the median plane

The ribs are ______ to the lungs.

lateral

The lungs are _______ to the ribs.

medial

Transverse

Located in a plane perpendicular to the long axis (of the body, or body part - depending on location)

Cranial

Closer to the head

Caudal

Closer to the tail

The heart is _____ to the diaphragm

cranial

The diaphragm is ______ to the heart.

caudal