British ppts (until northern ireland, the troubles and how it ...)

Current prime minister UK

Keir Starmer

what is special about the Gorton and Denton by-election?

• Historically a safe Labour seat → now Green wins

  • Hannah Spencer elected at party’s first MP in northern england after overturning Labour’s majority; and established the party as a serious political force and a credible anti-reform alternative

  • Green took a stance in Gaza-conflict, Labour didn’t

• It is a diverse area facing deprivation, cost-of-living pressures, housing shortages and NHS access issues

Difference UK, GB and Britain

• UK = Britain’s constitutional title (political construct): United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland -> EXCLUDES: Ireland, the isle of Man

• Great Britain: geographical construct for England, Scotland and Wales (EXcluding: Northern Island)

• Britain: shorthand for sth (could be UK, could be GB, could be less). Often used by sb from England speaking for themselves and loosely expanding to beyond England -> may trigger bad emotions in (Northern) Ireland

What is the union Jack flag?

Union Jack flag -> England + Scotland + ireland -> Wales not represented

The Norman Conquest + consequence

• The Norman Conquest (1066) by William the Conqueror spread Norman control over much of the islands and fundamentally influenced the country’s social and political structures. -> Last military invasion of the islands

• Absence of military invasion after 1066 -> England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland able to develop internally in distinctive ways despite struggles between and within

Before Norman conquest

• Areas visited by Old, Middle and New Stone age nomads (Paleolithic), some stayed permanently

  • 600BC-AD-1066: many settlement and invasion movements from Roman, Germanic tribes (Anglo-Saxons), Scandinavians (Vikings) and Normans

Political union England + Scotland

• In 1603, James VI of Scotland (mother: Mary, Queen of Scots) inherited the English throne as James I after the death of Elizabeth I, who dynastically joined Scotland and England.

20th century political reforms

• franchise extension

• Decline of aristocratic/monarchical/church power

• Withdrawal from empire, changing world order

  • After WOII difficulty adjusting to a withdrawal from the empire -> Rising nationalism and self-determination in colonies

• Emergence of Labour

• Welfare state

What happened in the late 20th century

• neoliberal turn

• Britain’s first woman Prime Minister: Margaret Thatcher (conservative) -> Neoliberal turn in late 20th-century

  • thought state should not interfere in business

• Privatisation, weakened unions

• Movement toward Europe, then Brexit

  • Psychological and physical isolation from Europe -> rarely saw itself as an integral part because of sea barrier and outlook westwards and worldwide

First woman prime minister of britain

• Margaret Thatcher (conservative) -> Neoliberal turn in late 20th-century

  • thought state should not interfere in business

What is Skara Brae

• Stone-built Neolithic settlement

• Older than Stonehenge and the Great Pyramids of Giza

• “Scottish Pompeii”

Was there a concept of Britain in Pre-Roman Britain? Link it to the present

No, tribal Celtic societies had a strong regional identity. Identity is local, not national

• Mix of Bell Beaker folk, Urnfield proto-Celts, Hallstatt and Belgae

Long-distance trade (e.g. tin) DOES shows early integration into wider networks beyond the British isles

• NOW: tension between regional and national identity in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Identities are increasingly fragmented along regional and local lines

Roman Britain period

43-410CE

When was the Roman invasion of Britain and what did they introduce?

• 43AD, Roman invasion of Britain was launched by emperor Claudius => Roman rule

• Introduced:

  • System of linked roads, forts, towns, cities, taxation

  • Bureaucratic governance and language

    • Latin as administrative language

  • Britain integrated into imperial economic system

  • Hadrian’s Wall: military occupation tied to border security

  • First large-scale centralised government with Roman customs and laws

  • More diversity: soldiers, administrators, traders from across the Roman Empire settled in Britain

Where was Roman Britain?

Roman Britain is roughly the same as the current N-S divide

What was the withdrawal of the Romans like?

It led to a power vacuum because of the lack of centralised political authority. The collapse of the state created insecurity and triggered invasions

Who is Boudicca

-> Boudicca (Boadicea)

• Queen of the Iceni tribe who led a revolt against Roman Rule (60-61AD) -> one of the most significant rebellions in Roman Britain

  • Powerful leader who united tribes against a common enemy

• Symbol of resistance against foreign occupation and oppression -> Over time became a British cultural and national icon

• Rebel forces destroyed major Roman cities

• Forced Rome to rethink how it governed Britain

Whose statue is by the Big Ben / London Eye

Boudicca

What was the impact of Roman Rule

• Roman and local cultures blended -> Romano-British culture

• Londinium (London) and Eboracum (York) were centers of trade and governance

• Christianity began to spread

• By 409-410AD Roman authority weakened -> Britain vulnerable to invasions

What reshaped language and power in UK?

• -> (im)migration reshapes language and power (during anglo-saxon england)

  • 5th and 6th centuries: Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons and Jutes from present-day Germany and Denmark) invaded the country and settled in Britain => Old English language emerges, derived from Germanic dialects

  • Anglo-Saxons were originally pagan but gradually converted to Christianity. Their society was hierarchical with kings, nobles, free peasants and slaves.

What is the importance of Beowulf

• “Beowulf” reflected values and culture of the time (Anglo-saxon england): a story about a great hero who fought and killed the monster Grendel, became a great king and met his death fighting an enraged dragon

When were the viking invasions? timeline!

8th-11th centuries

• By the 9th century, they had established control over large parts of eastern/northern England, known as Danelaw

• By 10th/11th centuries, vikings settled and intermarried with local population -> influencing culture and language

Where did the vikings come from and where did they raid

• Vikings from Scandinavia began raiding coastal areas in the late 8th century

  • Vikings raided Lindisfarne Monastery first (on holy island)

Who was King Alfred the Great of Wessex

• Kings like Alfred the Great of Wessex resisted Viking advances and unified much of England => still seen as Anglo-Saxon period despite Vikings’ interference.

What is in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

• King Alfred defeated Vikings in 878 and converted their leader, Guthrum, to christianity

  • Boundary with Danelaw, shaping early political divisions in England

  • Built ships to counter Viking sea raids -> foundation English navy

  • commissioned Anglo-Saxon Chronicle to record history in English language

• Alfred’s reforms and the Chronicle created a shared identity -> foundations unified English kingdom

When was there a succession crisis and how was it “solved”

• Succession crisis when Edward the Confessor dies in 1066

• Battle of Hastings: William, Duke of Normandy (french), defeated Harold Godwinson on october 14, 1066

• William the conqueror establishes Norman control over England => End of Anglo-Saxon era

What effect did the norman conquest have on the uk?

• Norman Conquest: regime change and replacement of elites

  • Feudal system redistributing land to Norman nobles

  • Norman french became the language of the elite -> influences English vocabulary and culture

    • blend Old English and Norman French -> Middle English

  • Domesday Book (state data collection) -> administrative centralisation

  • Emergence of English common law -> more systematised

  • Stronger royal control

what is the domesday book? when?

• Commissioned by William the Conqueror in 1085, completed in 1086 -> 11th-century snapshot of england -> crucial primary source for historians

• Detailed survey of land and resources in England, including records of land ownership, value of land, available resources and population

  • -> assess wealth and assets of the kingdom to determine taxes and feudal dues.

Bayeux tapestry

• Bayeux Tapestry

  • embroidery 70m long that depicts events leading up to the Norman Conquest of England in 1066

When and what was the civil war of the uk

• Civil war (1135-1153)

  • breakdown of central authority + rise of baronial power -> power struggles

  • Resolved by Treaty of Wallingford and accession of Henry II (1st of House of Plantagenet)

Who was Henry II

• Henry II

  • Established common law and royal courts

  • Constitution of Clarendon: efforts to limit ecclesiastical power

  • Continued use of Latin and French in administration

  • Tried to unite Ireland, Scotland and Wales to protect against external threats -> fragile union

  • 1st of the house of plantagenet

House of Plantagenets timeline + most important events

1154-1485 → ruled for more than 300 years

• Magna carta (1215)

• Hunder Years’ War (1337-1453)

• Growth of parliament and legal institutions

• end: Wars of the Roses

Magna Carta

under house of Plantagenets

• Signed by King John of England

• Aimed to limit powers of the king and established legal protections for barons and all free men

  • protection of church rights

  • protection from illegal imprisonment

  • the right to a fair trial

  • king is subject to the law

  • limitations on feudal payments to the Crown

• cornerstone modern legal systems

Hundred Years’ War

• Fought the Hundred Years’ War with France (1337-1453)

  • prolonged conflict with France

  • Black Death (1348-1350): population loss and social upheaval; labour shortages and rise of peasantry; increased use of English in everyday life

• plantagenets

Wars of the Roses

• End of plantagenets: Wars of the Roses -> rise of the Tudors

  • series of dynastic civil wars between houses of Lancaster and York for control of the English throne

    • House of Lancaster: Henry VI, Margaret of Anjou -> Red rose

    • House of York: Richard, Duke of York; Edward IV; Richard III -> White rose

  • Major battles

    • First Battle of St Albans (1455): Yorkist victory and capture of Henry VI

    • Battle of Bosworth Field (1485): final battle where Henry Tudor (aka Henry VII) defeats Richard III (his uncle gasp) => begin Tudor dynasty (which brought centralised power and stability)

Tudors timeline (+monarchs)

Tudors 1485-1603

• 1485 Henry VII

• 1509 Henry VIII

• 1547 Edward VI

• 1553 Mary I

• 1558-1603 Elizabeth I

then stuarts with James VI(?)

Henry VII

• (1485) Henry VII: first Tudor king after ending the Wars of the Roses

  • Strengthening the monarchy and central government

Henry VIII religious policies

• (1509) Henry VIII, tudor2

  • Religious policies

    • 1534 - Breaks away from the Roman Catholic Church to establish the Church of England, mostly to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon => Act of supremacy: Supreme Head of the Church of England -> he has full control over religious practices and doctrines

      • Six Wives

        • Marriages driven by mix of political alliances, desire for male heir and personal relationships

    • Religious reforms: dissolution of monasteries, redistribution of church lands, introduction English Bible

    • 1539 - Six Articles: reaffirmed tradition Catholic doctrines, showing his conservative religious views despite break

Henry VIII relations with ireland and wales

1509, tudor2

• Relations with Ireland and Wales

  • 1534 - Rebellion of Silken Thomas: resistance in Ireland

  • Policy of Surrender and Regrant: aim to integrate Irish lords into English system by having them surrender their lands to the king and receive them back as tenants

  • 1535-1542 -Laws in Wales act: fully incorporated Wales into English legal and administrative system, creating counties and extending English law

Who was Edward VI

1547, after Henry VIII, Tudor3

MAry I

1553, tudor after edward vi

• restores Roman Catholicism and gets the nickname “Bloody Mary” for her persecutions of Protestants

Who is Elizabeth I + most important events

• (1558-1603) Elizabeth I, last tudor:

• the “Elizabethan Era” marked by flourishing English culture and the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. She dies in 1603 and ends the Tudor dynasty

  • Spanish Armada (1588)

  • Elizabethan Religious Settlement (1559-1563):

  • Act of Supremacy (1559):

  • English Renaissance

spanish armada

• Spanish Armada (1588) national myth. National identity consolidates against external threat

Elizabethan Religious Settlement

• Elizabethan Religious Settlement (1559-1563): aim to establish moderate form of Protestantism + end religious turmoil

Act of Supremacy

Act of Supremacy (1559) under Elizabeth I: Re-establish Church of England’s independence from Rome + Elizabeth declared Supreme Governor of the Church

English Renaissance in Elizabethan Era

• English Renaissance

  • Flourishing arts, lit, music

  • supported playwrights like Shakespeare -> golden age of English drama

  • Economic growth -> cultural development

    • Groundwork future English colonisation efforts, marking beginning of British Empire

House of Stuart + orange imeline

• 1603 James VI of Scotland → James I of England

• 1625 Charles I

• 1642-1651 English Civil War

• 1649-1660 Commonwealth and Protectorate

• 1660 Charles II

• James II 1685

• 1688-1689 Glorious Rev

• 1690 Battle of the Boyne

• 1714 Hanoverian dynasty starts

James VI

1603, Stuart

• (1603) James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England (protestant unification efforts)

  • start of multi-national monarchy (unions of English and Scottish crowns)

Charles I

• (1625) Charles I (Catholic marriage, absolute monarchy, conflicts with Parliament), Stuart

English Civil War

• (1642-1651) English Civil War: Royalists (Anglicans, Catholics) vs Parliamentarians (Puritans, dissenters)

  • execution Charles I

  • emigration to American colonies

  • Temporary overthrow of the monarchy

How did Charles I die?

Executed during English Civil War (1642-1651)

Who is Oliver Cromwell?

• NOT a Stuart

• promotes more protestant and less hierarchical structure. Intolerant towards Catholics and Anglicans

• Led a brutal military campaign in Ireland (1649-1650), aiming to subdue the Irish Catholic population and Royalist supporters

  • responsible for massacres at Drogheda and Wexford

• Established Commonwealth of England, temporarily abolishing the monarchy and House of Lords -> his rule was a military dictatorship

  • (1649-1660) Commonwealth and Protectorate (tolerance for Protestant dissenters)

Charles II

• (1660) Charles II, Restoration of monarchy after Oliver Cromwell (stuart)

James II

Stuart, following Charles II

• (1685) James II (catholic tolerance efforts)

  • centralised power, political tension

Glorious Revolution

• (1688-1689) Glorious Revolution: 

  • protestant William III (dutch) and Mary II -> reinforces protestant succession

  • constitutional monarchy

  • Bill of Rights 1689

    • early Enlightenment

Bill of Rights

• Bill of Rights 1689

  • Passed after the Glorious Revolution

  • Shifts power from monarchy to parliament (established parliamentary sovereignty)

    • Monarch could not rule or tax without Parliament’s consent

  • protected freedom of speech in parliament

  • influenced US Bill of Rights

Battle of the Boyne

• (1690) Battle of the Boyne: battle between William III (protestant) and deposed  James II (Catholic, dethroned king)

• July 1 1690 near River Boyne, Ireland

  • William’s victory secured his rule after the Glorious Revolution

When did the Hanoverian dynasty start

1714

How did it go from England ot Great Britain.? + effects

Acts of Union

• Laws in Wales Acts (1535, 1542 - Tudor): Wales integrated into Kingdom of England. Wales was brought under English Law - Welsh legal system abolished => one legal and administrative entity until this day

• Acts of Union (1707 - Stuart): united the Kingdom of England (+ Wales) and the kingdom of Scotland into a single Kingdom, Great Britain. Union was driven by economic, political and security concerns + established single Parliament of Great Britain.

• Acts of Union (1807 - Hanoverian): Kingdom of great Britain + the Kingdom of Ireland -> United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 

• => Unified state with a centralised government in the British isles had profound effects on the legal system, cultures and identities of constituent countries, but often leads to tension and resistance (esp in Ireland and Scotland)

Timeline hanoverian dynasty

• George I (reign 1714-1727)

• George II (reign 1727-1760)

• George III (reign 1760-1820)

• George IV (regent 1811-1820 and king 1820-1830)

• Queen Victoria (reign 1837-1901) ~ Victorian era

• King Edward VII (reign 1901-1910)

When was the Georgian period?

Hanoverian dynasty

Who is George I

• George I (reign 1714-1727)

  • Weak in English, limited personal engagement with British public life

  • Relied on ministers -> strengthened cabinet government and role prime minister. Also Whig dominance (proto-liberals, Robert Walpole)

    • Foreign-policy focus on Hanoverian interests in Europe

George II

• George II (reign 1727-1760)

  • Continuation of cabinet-led government and Whig ascendancy

  • Atlantic commerce and finance expanded

  • More visible monarch

    • Military and imperial engagement: victories in War of Austrian Succession and early successes in the Seven Years’ War.

George III

• George III (reign 1760-1820)

  • active involvement in politics and decline of ministerial dominance -> challenged by shifting party alliances.

  • Revolutionary War: loss of the American colonies <-> major gains elsewhere (defeating Napoleonic France in Waterloo 1815)

  • Period of social, agricultural and industrial transformation

  • late-career illness (madness) -> regency crisis and questioning of royal capacity

George IV

• George IV (regent 1811-1820 and king 1820-1830)

  • Prince Regent over Napoleonic wartime

  • extravagant lifestyle and political unpopularity -> personal scandals damaged monarchy’s moral authority

Queen Victoria

• Queen Victoria (reign 1837-1901) ~ Victorian era

  • Peak of British Empire, industrial expansion and global influence

  • Domestic reforms: but wife would still be the possession of the husband until way after Edwardian times -> until 1918, the husband voted for the wife in a way idk

  • Cultural and technological change: railways, telegraph, Victorian literature, moral codes.

King Edward VII

• King Edward VII (reign 1901-1910)

  • period of diplomatic realignment (improving ties with russia) and social modernisation

  • growth of consumer culture and leisure (cultural shift away from strict Victorian moralism)

  • dies -> King George V

Seven Years’ War

Seven Years’ War (under George II)

• Global war between Britain and allies (notably Prussia) vs France, Austria, Russia fought across Europe, North America, Caribbean, West Africa, India and the seas (proxy wars)

• British victories culminated in Treaty of Paris (1763) -> gave Britain territorial gains (Canada, Florida, more control in India

• Empire and trade expanded, public debt increased -> new taxation policies on colonies -> colonial unrest and American Revolution

Victorian era (empire, politics, social reform, class, gender, religion, economy, culture)

• Roughly 1820-1914, overlapping with Queen Victoria’s reign (1837-1901) -> Britain’s peak as industrial and imperial power

• Empire: dramatic imperial expansion (India central, Africa, Asia) driven by trade, military power and new technologies

  • Imperial violence and rising anticolonial resistance

• Politics: constitutional monarchy with growing parliamentary supremacy

  • Rise of modern party politics (Liberals, Conservatives, later Labour)

• Social reform: growth of state and reforms in public health, education, labour law and abolition of slavery <= shifting expectations of government responsibility

• Society/class

  • rigid class structure: large working class, expanding middle class, and a landed elite -> shapes work, leisure and political influence

• Gender ideology: women’s roles publicly and privately constrained despite rise in women’s activism and legal gains

• Religion/science: scientific advances transformed thought and caused debates 

• economy: rapid industrialisation and global trade -> Br wealthy

• Culture: booming print culture, mass entertainment and influential literature and arts

Timeline Hanoverian, but Windsor!

• King George V (reign 1910-1936)

• King Edward VIII (reign 1936)

• King George VI (reign 1936-1952)

• Queen Elizabeth II (reign 1952-2022)

• Charles III (2022-present)

King George V

• King George V (reign 1910-1936)

  • WWI

    • PM - David Lloyd George (1916-1922): crucial role in leading Br to victory in WWI

  • Changed house name from Saxe-Coburg to Windsor due to anti-german sentiment during WWI

  • Constitutional and political shifts: rise of Labour

    • Imperial adjustments: postwar treaties, Irish independence (1922), transition towards Commonwealth status

King Edward VIII

• King Edward VIII (reign 1936)

  • abdicated (=gave up the throne) to marry Wallis simpson (a divorced, American woman) => constitutional crisis and public senate on monarchy’s role and moral authority

George VI

• King George VI (reign 1936-1952)

  • leadership WWII: symbol of national unity and morale (stayed in London during the Blitz)

  • postwar reconstruction and beginning welfare-state, accelerating decolonisation (India/Pakistan in 1947)

Queen Elizabeth ii

• Queen Elizabeth II (reign 1952-2022)

  • continuity, modernisation of monarchy, adaptation to rapid social change

  • oversaw decolonisation, transformation Empire into Commonwealth

  • increased public visibility, media engagement and overall high public affection and constitutional neutrality

Current king of uk

Charles III, since 2022

Who is Benjamin Disraeli

• PM Benjamin Disraeli (1868, 1874-1880)

  • conservative social reforms to improve lives of working class

    • strengthened Br Empire, incl purchase of shares in Suez Canal

William Ewart Gladstone

PM

• William Ewart Gladstone (1868-1878, 1880-1885, 1886, 1892-1894)

  • efforts to expand voting rights, promote Irish Home Rule (allowing the Irish their own voice and to have an assembly or parliament) and social reforms

    • advocated for free trade and fiscal responsibility

Arthur Balfour

PM

• Arthur Balfour (1902-1905)

  • Introduced Education Act 1902: restructured education system Eng and Wales

    • supported Entente Cordiale with France -> improve Anglo-French relations

Herbert Asquith

PM

• Herbert Asquith (1908-1916)

  • social reforms, incl National Insurance Act 1911 -> foundation welfare state

Ramsay MacDonald

• PM

• Ramsay MacDonald (1924, 1929-1935)

  • led first Labour government in 1924

  • Second term marked by Great Depression

Neville Chamberlain

PM

• Neville Chamberlain (1937-1940)

  • known for policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany, Munich Agreement of 1938

  • Declared war on Germany following the invasion of Poland

Timeline WWII

• September 1939: Germany invades Poland, Britain declares war two days after

• May-June 1940: fall of France. Churchill becomes Prime Minister. Dunkirk evacuation rescues British forces.

• Summer-Autumn 1940: Battle of Britain prevents German invasion

• 1940-41: The Blitz: sustained bombing of British cities

• 1940-42: Britain fights largely alone until US entry

• 1941: Battle of the Atlantic crucial to survival. In December, US enters war after Pearl Harbor

• 1942-1943: turning points like El Alamein victory. Invasion of Sicily and Italy

• June 1944: D-Day opens Western Front. Allied advance into Germany through 44-45

• May 1945: Germany surrenders (VE day: Victory in Europe)

Dunkirk

• Dunkirk (1940) symbolises survival against overwhelming odds

  • “dunkirk spirit”: collective determination, improvisation and civilian participation

    • Reinforces that Britain endures even in retreat

Battle of Britain

• Battle of Britain (1940): the moment Britain “stood alone” against Nazi Germany

Blitz

• Blitz (40-41) represents civilian endurance under bombardment

  • Social unity across class lines because of shared suffering in London, Coventry, Liverpool and elsewhere

  • New life emerges hiding in the tube, people start talking about politics

problem rebuilding state in 1945s-1950s

• people who helped rebuild Britain as citizens, who during their time in Britain became in theory aliens (settled immigrants) because of the independence of their country and the use of landing cards (temporary id card). Landing cards were destroyed (at least the government copies) and then these people were told to leave.

1950s-1960s UK

Austerity to affluence (1950s-1960s)

• Idealised as era of social mobility and shared growth

• Strong economic growth and low unemployment

• Education expansion

End of empire

1945-1973

• Rise of civil rights, women’s liberation and LGBTQ+ activism

• Retreat from formal empire but retention of Commonwealth ties

  • 1947: independence India and Pakistan

    • home country becomes independent and all of a sudden British citizens are migrants

  • Rapid African decolonisation (Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya)

  • 1956 Suez Crisis exposes limits of British global power - The Suez canal had to be defended militarily and the British lost

• National identity: imperial -> multicultural

1970s crisis

Crisis of 1970s: stagnation, inflation and political breakdown

• Oil crisis 1973 triggers inflation and recession

• “Winter of Discontent” (1978-79) paralyses public services

• Perception of ungovernability grows, which opens the door to radical economic reform

Thatcher revolution

The Thatcher ‘revolution’ (1979-90)

• Margaret Thatcher

• Privatisation of major state industries

• Trade union power reduced significantly

• Falklands War reinforces nationalist confidence

• Rise in unemployment during early 80s

• income inequality

Brexit + Why

• 2016 EU referendum (52% leave, England and Wales vote yes)

• political instability and rapid leadership turnover

  • Boris Johnson elected on “Get Brexit Done”

• UK formally leaves EU on January 31st 2020

• Why?

  • Sovereignty: EU membership undermined British sovereignty because EU laws took precedence over national laws -> regain control over national decision-making processes

  • Immigration: free movement of people within EU led to increased immigration (some felt this put pressure on public services and jobs)

  • Economic: would allow the UK to negotiate its own trade deals and improve economic prospects. There was also dissatisfaction with EU’s handling of economic issues

  • Anti-establishment sentiment: driven by broader distrust of political elites and desire to challenge the status quo. The rise of populist movements influenced the Brexit vote.

PM in Starmer’s cabinet

Keir Starmer. LEader of labour party since 2020 and became PM after general election victory in 2024

Chancellor of Exchequer in Starmer’s cabinet

Rachel Reeves

economic policy, government spending, taxation and national budget

Foreign Secretary and Deputy PM,

David Lammy

, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs of the United Kingdom

Yvette Cooper

, Secretary of State for the Home Department

Shabana Mahmood

, Defence Secretary: armed forces, defence policy, military strategy

John Healey

, Secretary of State for Health and Social Care of the United Kingdom

Wes Streeting

, Energy Security and Net Zero Secretary

Ed Miliband

former Deputy Prime Minister

Angela Reyner, (now David Lammy)