patho 1: heart diseases

MI diagnostics

ECG
serial cardiac biomarkers

MI clinical man

chest pain
SOB
indigestion
nausea
anxiety
skin (pale, cool, moist)
inc HR
in RR

MI patho

plaque rupture
thrombus formation
occlusion of artery
ischemia and necrosis of myocardium

MI causes

vasospasm
blood loss
low BP
inc HR
drugs

MI= imbalance between

myocardial O2 and demand

Acute Coronary Syndrome (unstable angina) patho

reduced blood flow in coronary artery=rupture of plaque
clot formation=chest pain

coronary artery bypass grafts: what veins commonly used?

greater and lesser saphenous veins

atherosclerosis

accumulation of lipid deposits and fibrous tissue in arterial walls and lumen

most common cause of CVD

atherosclerosis

atherosclerosis patho

blockages and narrowing of coronary vessels reduce blood flow to myocardium

CAD risk factors

inc cholesterol
smoking
hypertension
diabetes
inc LDL
high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
metabolic syndrome

CAD symptoms caused by

myocardial ischemia

CAD clin man

angina pectoris
epigastric distress
pain radiates to jaw/left arm
SOB
MI
HF
sudden cardiac death

CAD: atypical symptoms in ________

women

most common CAD symtpom

angina pectoris

CAD prevention

control cholesterol
diet
exercise
meds
no smoking
manage hypertension
control diabetes

most common chronic disease among US adults

hypertension

normal blood pressure

120/80

prehypertension

120-139
80-89

stage 1 hypertension

140-159
90-99

stage 2 hypertension

>160
>100

causes of hypertension

inc SNS
inc renal reabsorption
inc activity renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
dec vasodilation
resistance to insulin
renal inflammation/dysfunction

hypertension patho

inc CO
inc peripheral resistance
single-gene mutations

hypertension clin man

inc BP

late hypertension clin man

organ damage
eye changes
renal damage
MI
cardia hypertrophy
stroke