IEI-AD - City and Country

congestion

tình trạng ùn tắc giao thông (The fact that too many vehicles use the existing network traffic makes … is inevitable.)

high-capacity

có khả năng phục vụ hoặc vận chuyển khối lượng lớn người hoặc hàng hóa (Perhaps the main cause of transport delay and long journey is the lack of investment or funding for infrastructure in the form of … public transport and increased road space for private vehicles.)

conurbations

vùng đại đô thị hình thành từ sự sáp nhập của nhiều thị trấn hoặc thành phố (Many … also lack finance for transport hubs, such as integrated road and rail facilities which could connect public and private transport, thus reducing bottlenecks.)

transport hubs

trung tâm trung chuyển giao thông (Many conurbations also lack finance for …, such as integrated road and rail facilities which could connect public and private transport, thus reducing bottlenecks.)

amenities

các tiện ích và dịch vụ công cộng (A further cause of transport delay seems to be the problem of overcrowding in cities, whereby people migrate from the hinterland and settle in urban areas, putting strain on …, housing and above all on transport capacity.)

a bottleneck

điểm nghẽn giao thông, nơi thường xuyên xảy ra ùn tắc (The construction work is causing … in the city center.)

overcrowding

tình trạng quá đông đúc, dân cư tập trung quá mức (A further cause of transport delay seems to be the problem of … in cities, whereby people migrate from the hinterland and settle in urban areas, putting strain on amenities, housing and above all on transport capacity.)

hinterland

vùng ngoại vi chịu ảnh hưởng của thành phố (A further cause of transport delay seems to be the problem of overcrowding in cities, whereby people migrate from the … and settle in urban areas, putting strain on amenities, housing and above all on transport capacity.)

urban sprawl

sự mở rộng đô thị thiếu kiểm soát (Although some would argue that … has its benefits, such as creating local economic growth, it has many negative consequences for residents and the environment, such as higher water and air pollution, increased traffic congestion, loss of agricultural capacity, etc.)

public-private partnerships

mô hình hợp tác công tư (Regarding potential solutions to transport delays, probably the main remedy would be to encourage investment in better infrastructure, for example through subsidies or … as was tried successfully in Germany during the 1990’s.)

civic pride

niềm tự hào về thành phố hoặc địa phương nơi mình sinh sống (Examining … is important because it shapes and reflects the values and aspirations local governments stand for and represent.)

tax incentives

ưu đãi thuế nhằm khuyến khích một hành vi hoặc hoạt động nào đó (Another solution to traffic delays may be to use … to allow more home working so that there is less need to commute from the suburbs to the inner city for work.)

commute

đi lại hằng ngày giữa nơi ở và nơi làm việc (Another solution to traffic delays may be to use tax incentives to allow more home working, so that there is less need to … from the suburbs to the inner city for work.)

the inner city

khu vực trung tâm lâu đời của thành phố (Another solution to traffic delays may be to use tax incentives to allow more home working so that there is less need to commute from the suburbs to … for work.)

communal car-pooling

hình thức đi chung xe nhằm tiết kiệm nhiên liệu và giảm ùn tắc (A final response to traffic delays might be the development of more flexible patterns of transport, such as …, which would reduce reliance on existing systems and vehicles.)

innovations

những đổi mới, sáng kiến mới (Mobile computing was one of the greatest … of the last ten years.)

a burden

gánh nặng, áp lực khó giải quyết (Possible solutions would involve better funding, and also innovations in ways of working and travelling to reduce the … on the system.)

city dwellers

cư dân thành phố (There has been a surge of interest in moving to the country due to the changing priorities of … during the coronavirus lockdown, estate agents have said.)

a fast pace of life

nhịp sống nhanh (The original research showed there was a higher risk of heart disease in cities which had …)

high living costs

chi phí sinh hoạt cao (According to the report, these cities "rank very low" for quality of life, mostly due to …, crime and pollution.)

face financial difficulties

gặp khó khăn về tài chính (People from black, Asian and other minority ethnic communities were more likely to … before the crisis.)

metropolis

đô thị lớn, thành phố lớn quan trọng (An increasing number of people are moving to large … in the hope of a better future.)

intensive urban growth

tốc độ đô thị hóa nhanh và mạnh (Vietnam is currently experiencing one of the most … in the world. Its urban population doubled over the last thirty years.)

residential areas

khu dân cư (Brooklyn is both an important industrial center and a densely populated …)

industrial zones

khu công nghiệp (Factories may be required to be sited at some distance from residential areas in specially designated …)

environmental degradation

sự suy thoái môi trường (More than 60 of the population is rurally based and depends directly on natural environment, and in turn, induces … in a large extent.)

a sedentary lifestyle

lối sống ít vận động (Explaining how new technology had threatened face-to-face socialising, he added: 'It's not just … and high calorie foods, but an increasing lack of social engagement.)

informal settlements

khu định cư tự phát, khu ổ chuột (In general, groups and sub-groups continually form, reform and dissolve within …)

inadequate sewage facilities

hệ thống xử lý nước thải không đầy đủ ( … do not only lead to numerous health-related problems but it is also a contributor to water contamination.)

sanitation

điều kiện vệ sinh công cộng (The great infectious epidemics responded to a combination of improved … and hygiene, vaccination programmes and antibiotics.)

medical services

dịch vụ y tế (Village schooling and primary health care will be available locally, with more advanced education and … in the main centres.)

lower work productivity

làm giảm năng suất lao động (Increasing unproductive travel time not only causes stress and tiredness but also …)

toxic emissions

khí thải độc hại (Another drawback of living in a major city is poor air quality caused by the significant rise in the amount of … released from power plants and industrial sites in recent years.)

urban policymakers

các nhà hoạch định chính sách đô thị (There are a number of approaches that … can implement to tackle population explosion in major cities.)

charging peak-hour tolls

thu phí giao thông vào giờ cao điểm (The government could also consider … to discourage drivers from travelling during peak periods.)

hazardous gas emissions

lượng khí thải nguy hại phát tán ra môi trường (In order to improve the quality of air in major metropolises, stricter regulations should be imposed to limit … and encourage the use of more environmentally friendly energy sources.)

cosmopolitan city

thành phố đa văn hóa, nơi hội tụ nhiều nền văn hóa khác nhau (Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam, is a bustling and …)

integrated transport system

hệ thống giao thông tích hợp, kết nối nhiều phương tiện khác nhau (A modern metropolis needs a good …)

breed crime

làm phát sinh tội phạm (Poverty in the inner-city areas can …)

population explosion

bùng nổ dân số (The potential … would have tremendous repercussions on the region's physical resources such as land.)

anonymity

sự ẩn danh, không bị người khác biết rõ danh tính (A lot of people appreciate the … of living in a large city.)

peak periods

giờ cao điểm (In Singapore, private cars are banned from the Central Business District at …)

exorbitant

quá đắt đỏ, quá mức hợp lý (Prices in London are particularly …)

pedestrian precincts

khu vực dành riêng cho người đi bộ (Everywhere you go there are building sites, …, blocks of flats and housing estates spreading into the countryside.)

melting pot

nơi giao thoa của nhiều nền văn hóa (New Orleans is one of the great … of America.)

cobbled streets

những con đường lát đá cuội (The city skyline is a wonderful mix of old and new, and the city itself has a lot of busy, narrow …)

quaint old buildings

những tòa nhà cổ mang vẻ đẹp cổ kính, duyên dáng (The old town has a lot of … dating back to the city's foundation in 1500s.)

upmarket shops

các cửa hàng cao cấp (Trang Tien street has a lot of … which are rather pricey, and sometimes, overpriced.)

be lined with shops

có nhiều cửa hàng nằm san sát dọc theo (Bui Vien is a hangout hotspot in District 1, which is … . Besides, the street is also full of lively bars and fashionable clubs.)

imposing building

tòa nhà đồ sộ, gây ấn tượng mạnh (The most … in the Hanoi was the Joseph's cathedral on Nha Chung street.)

urban wasteland

khu vực đô thị hoang hóa, xuống cấp (Some of the inner city areas are an … and are somewhat dangerous for visitors.)

no-go areas

khu vực nguy hiểm, ít người dám lui tới (Some streets have become … with high crime.)

run-down buildings

những tòa nhà xuống cấp, tồi tàn (Many streets are strewn with litter and there are numerous …)

bumper to bumper traffic

tình trạng xe cộ nối đuôi nhau kín đường (Hanoi is a sprawling city with … all day long.)

incessant soar

tiếng ồn liên tục không ngừng (The … of trucks and buses make the city an extremely noisy place.)

a backwater

vùng quê hẻo lánh, kém phát triển, ít có điều đáng chú ý (I used to live in an agricultural town, but frankly it was such … that I moved to one of the larger cities.)

rural depopulation

tình trạng suy giảm dân số nông thôn do người dân di cư đi nơi khác (… can cause huge problems with local infrastructure, as there aren’t enough people to run the services and transport.)

material considerations

những mối quan tâm về tiền bạc và vật chất (Life in the countryside has rewards which go beyond …)

subsistence

chỉ đủ để sinh tồn, tự cung tự cấp ở mức tối thiểu (… farmers grow their own food but have little left to sell for profit.)

subsistence

chỉ đủ đáp ứng nhu cầu sống cơ bản (The abundance of natural resources such as land, wildlife forestry and water bodies means that a comparatively simple life can be lived at a … level.)

self-sufficient

tự cung tự cấp, không phụ thuộc vào nguồn bên ngoài (Many country residents are … smallholders in this sense, safeguarding them from the changes in the wider economy which can afflict city dwellers.)

animal husbandry

chăn nuôi gia súc, gia cầm (If the parents are farmers, children learn the importance of …, methods of farming such as crop rotation and irrigation, and generally may become more in tune with the natural world as a result.)

far-flung

xa xôi, hẻo lánh (… communities.)

remote viewing

tham quan, quan sát từ xa qua Internet (As technology enables children to undertake distance learning or … of cultural attractions such as museums, they should be less isolated from their cultural heritage.)

gentle landscape

khung cảnh thiên nhiên thanh bình, không khắc nghiệt (From my room, I look out over the surrounding countryside, which is a … with rivers and open fields.)

bleak landscape

khung cảnh hoang vắng, lạnh lẽo, kém hấp dẫn (I used to live in an agricultural town, but frankly it was such a backwater with … of rocky mountains in the distance.)

catch a glimpse of

thoáng nhìn thấy (As we turned a corner, we … of a kingfisher standing on the water surface.)

come into view

hiện ra trong tầm mắt (A little further, we rounded a bend and Hang Bong street came …)

fall into ruin

trở nên đổ nát, hoang tàn (The old town …, but it is still well worth seeing now as it stands in a dramatic setting on a steep slope beside a fast-flowing river with mountains towering above it.)

unspoilt countryside

vùng nông thôn còn giữ nguyên vẻ đẹp tự nhiên, chưa bị đô thị hóa (The cottage is in a wonderful … on the edge of a dense forest.)

snow-covered mountain

ngọn núi phủ đầy tuyết (The trees block the view of the …)

uninterrupted view

tầm nhìn không bị che khuất (From most rooms, there are … of the castle.)

panoramic view

tầm nhìn toàn cảnh rộng lớn (From the top floor, restaurant diners have a … of the countryside.)

dominate the landscape

nổi bật, có thể nhìn thấy từ rất xa (The castle … for miles around.)

beach stretches

bãi biển trải dài (… for miles along the coast.)

arable land

đất canh tác, đất trồng trọt (There has been a huge reduction in the amount of … over the last twenty years.)

rural flight

làn sóng di cư từ nông thôn ra thành thị (In the age of industrialization and commercialization, … among young generations is increasingly common.)

rural out-migration

hiện tượng người dân rời nông thôn để chuyển đến nơi khác sinh sống (The youth’s … poses a host of problems.)

brain drain

chảy máu chất xám (From economic perspective, rural areas are robbed of human capital due to …)

vicious cycle of poverty

vòng luẩn quẩn của đói nghèo (The economic stagnation will trap many disadvantaged regions in …, thus widening the rural-urban divide.)

widening the rural-urban divide

làm gia tăng khoảng cách giữa nông thôn và thành thị (The economic stagnation will trap many disadvantaged regions in a vicious cycle of poverty, thus …)

economic stagnation

sự trì trệ kinh tế (The … will trap many disadvantaged regions in a vicious cycle of poverty, thus widening the rural-urban divide.)

left-behind group

nhóm người bị bỏ lại phía sau, ít được hưởng lợi từ sự phát triển (The … of old people is also prone to loneliness, depression and inadequate care.)

indigenous customs and values

phong tục và giá trị văn hóa bản địa (Another social issue of rural flight is that … cannot be properly handed down.)

solidify education equality

củng cố sự bình đẳng trong giáo dục (Local authorities, therefore, are advised to allocate resources to upgrade infrastructure, …, diversify means of recreation and so on.)

boost job prospects

gia tăng cơ hội việc làm (The government needs to take steps to … for rural youths.)

revitalizing the economy

phục hồi và thúc đẩy nền kinh tế phát triển trở lại (Efficient ways of … include incentivizing the relocations of some industries or subsidizing technology transfer and exploiting local resources.)

urban exodus

làn sóng di cư khỏi thành phố (Alleviating the youth’s … requires appropriate measures that revolve around enhancing the living standards and employment opportunities for young people.)