Thẻ ghi nhớ: Langmed | Quizlet

Rhetorical figure (in advertising)

An artful deviation from expectation at the level of form rather than content, conforming to a template. Example: "Heck, it's been re-everything-ed." (VW ad).

Weasel words

Words which suggest a meaning without actually being specific. Examples: "helps", "like", "virtually", "enriched", "guaranteed", "traditional".

Open comparative (Weasel word)

A comparison that doesn't state what it is being compared to. Example: "Brown's Boots Are Better" (better than what?).

Bogus superlative (Weasel word)

A superlative that doesn't state its competition. Example: "Brown's Boots are Best" (rated alongside what?).

Euphemism (in advertising)

A mild or indirect word substituted for one considered too harsh or unpleasant. Example: "Clean Round the Bend" (toilet cleaner) avoids mentioning unpleasant things; "B.O." for body odour.

Glamorisation

Making ordinary things sound more attractive, upscale, or romantic. Examples: "Small houses" become "bijou"; "pavement table café" becomes "trattoria"; "English food" becomes "traditional".

Rhyme

Identity of sound between words extending from the end to the last fully accented vowel. Example: "mean machine", "the cleanest clean it's ever been".

Rhythm

Prosodic feature of regular, repeated patterns of sound to make a slogan memorable. Example: "drinka pinta milka day".

Alliteration

Successive words (or stressed syllables) beginning with the same consonant sound or letter (often p, b, m, n, t, d, k, g). Example: "Performance. Prestige. Passion for Innovation."

Homophones (in advertising)

Words that sound the same but are spelled differently, used to create puns. Example: "the finest whisky is kept under loch and quay" (Sainsbury's).

Parallelism (Schematic patterning)

The parallel presentation of two or more similar ideas in similar structural forms to heighten emotional tone. Example: "Explore the hills. Explore the rivers. Explore the mountains."

Anaphora

The repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of several consecutive sentences. Example: "Explore the hills. Explore the rivers. Explore the mountains."

Epiphora

The repetition of the same word or words at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences. Example: "See new. Hear new. Feel new."

Ellipsis

The omission of part of a structure, used for economy, informality, or proximity. Example: "Expecting guests?" instead of "Are you expecting guests?".

Presupposition

An implicit assumption about the world or background belief. Advertisers use it because it's hard to deny. Example: "Why do leading beauty experts use Perfectil?" (Presupposes they already do).

Personification

Speaking of an inanimate object or abstract concept as if it were a living entity with human attributes. Example: "They will stay on the job longer than most employees" (Volvo car).

Simile

A direct, expressed comparison between two unlike things using "like", "than", or "as". Example: "Breakfast without orange juice is like a day without sunshine."

Hyperbole

Deliberate overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. Example: "The best just got bigger!"

Metaphor

An imaginative way to describe something to show two things have the same qualities. Example: "One touch... and she realized freedom was something you feel" (Revlon powder = freedom).

Metonymy

Use of a single characteristic or aspect to identify a more complex entity. Example: "The press" (news media), "I like Volvo" (meaning Volvo cars).

Antithesis

Using the same or similar structure to express two opposite ideas to emphasize meaning and contrast. Example: "Talks inside. Shouts outside. New 2006 Fiesta."

Pun (Polysemy/Homonymy)

A play on words using words with multiple related meanings (polysemy) or identical sounds/spellings with different meanings (homonymy). Example: "Coke refreshes you like no other can" (can = bottle / auxiliary verb).

Intertextuality

The way in which one text echoes or refers to another text (idioms, biblical sentences, quotes, proverbs). Example: "To be in Florida in winter, or not to be..." (reference to Shakespeare's Hamlet).

Gradable adjectives

Adjectives describing qualities that can be measured in degrees (used in comparative/superlative forms). Highly favored by copywriters. Examples: better, nicer, newer.

Negativity (News Value)

Basic spot news involving damage, injury, death, or conflict. Example: War reporting, disasters, accidents.

Deviance (News Value)

A negative characteristic with proven news interest, focusing on the abnormal, unusual, or rule-breaking events.

Recency (News Value)

The best news is something which has only just happened (fits the 24-hour cycle). Example: A murder is more newsworthy than the police investigation or trial.

Proximity (News Value)

Geographical closeness enhances news value. Example: A minor accident is only reported in the settlement where it happens.

Consonance (News Value)

Compatibility with preconceptions about a social group or nation. Example: Stereotypes about how the British royal family behaves.

Unambiguity (News Value)

Clear-cut stories are favored; ifs, buts, and maybes are minimal. The facts are clear and sources impeccable.

Unexpectedness / Novelty (News Value)

The unpredictable or rare is more newsworthy than the routine.

Superlativeness (News Value)

The biggest, most violent, or most destructive events get covered.

Relevance (News Value)

The effect on the audience's own lives or closeness to their experience (not necessarily geographical). Example: US political decisions affecting New Zealand.

Personalization (News Value)

News pictured in personal terms is favored over concepts, processes, or the masses.

Eliteness (News Value)

Reference to elite persons (politicians, film stars) or elite nations (First World) makes something news.

Attribution (News Value)

The eliteness of a story's sources. Socially validated authority is required; unaffiliated individuals are not well regarded as sources.

Facticity (News Value)

The degree to which a story contains hard facts, locations, names, sums of money, and numbers.

TV News Narrative Structure

Consists of an Introduction (answers some 5Ws, poses problems), Body (elaborates with visual evidence), and Conclusion (ties loose ends).

Pronunciation in TV News

Clear, understandable, and standard. Avoids dialects to maintain an objective, institutional identity.

Sentence Structure in TV News

Simple syntactic structures, short sentences, absence of hypotaxis (complex subordination) for easy cognitive processing. Dominance of active voice.

Referential Specification in TV News

Using source attributions, appositional noun phrases, and attributive adjectives to condense information and identify people.

Verb Tenses in TV News

Up-to-date tenses (present or continuous) to give a sense of immediacy and tell listeners a thing is still happening.

Word Choice in TV News

Absence of colloquial/informal language, reduced emotionality (affective language), and absence of personal viewpoints to maintain objectivity.

Synonyms in TV News

Used to keep reports interesting and prevent audience boredom from repetition. Example: alternating "yacht" and "boat".

Information Interview

Aimed at finding facts/figures about a topic from experts/politicians. Personality is irrelevant. Example: Interviewing a mayor about factory contract details.

Opinion Interview

Aimed at finding out the viewpoint of the interviewee on a specific issue or event. Example: Asking a CEO their stance on public protests against their company.

Personality Interview (Portrait)

Focuses on the life, character, and experiences of the interviewee. Example: Asking an activist about their childhood experiences with injustice.

Research Interview

Conducted solely to gather background info for writing a report or news item; usually not broadcast.

Statement Interview

Designed to yield an individual statement or sound bite that will become part of another journalistic piece.

Funnel-structure Interview

Starting with general questions and becoming more specific, ending with a yes/no question to pinpoint the interviewee's stance.

Yes/no Question

A closed question allowing only "yes", "no", or "I don't know". Good for pinpointing, bad for getting them talking. Example: "Is it true you took bribes?"

Information Question

A closed question used to get short, precise facts. Example: "How many people will be rehoused?"

Open Question

Allows the interviewee to give longer answers, explaining background, reasons, or personal opinions. Example: "Why is it essential for the factory to be built here?"

Statement plus question

Stating a fact then adding a question. Dangerous if the fact is incorrect, as it starts an argument. Example: "Most people are against this. Why haven't you moved it?"

Suggestive question

Implying something hoping the interviewee will agree/disagree lively; can force a stance but may provoke. Example: "So you are ready to accept people will be uprooted?"

Interpreting question

Offering a possible interpretation to force a clear stance if the interviewee's original answer was vague. Example: "So that means the factory couldn't be built anywhere else?"

Indirect question

Confronting the interviewee with a critical statement made by a third party to be mildly confrontational safely. Example: "Environmental groups say X. What is your response?"

Either/or question (Stumbling Block)

Narrows alternatives to only two, missing third options and requiring follow-ups. Example: "Are you against the factory, or just worried about the environment?"

Multiple questions (Stumbling Block)

Creates confusion, allowing the interviewee to answer only the part they want. Example: "How many jobs will it create and what will it mean for the economy?"

Parachute question

A generic question used when the interviewer panics, loses track, or needs time to think. Examples: "Why?", "What does that mean?", "Could you give an example?"

Inverted Pyramid

Report style with the most important info in the lead paragraph. If the editor cuts the last paragraphs, the story still makes sense.

Headline

Usually four or five words; grabs attention and summarizes the story.

By-line

Identifies who wrote the news article.

Lead / Introduction

The important first sentence/paragraph summarizing the story (answers the 5 W's: Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How).

Body (Newspaper)

The full details of the news story, paragraph by paragraph, particularly answering 'how' and 'why'.

Omitted words (Headlines)

Leaving out "unnecessary" words like articles, auxiliary verbs, and possessive adjectives for impact. Example: "Space station hit by hitch" (instead of "The space station has been hit...").

Present simple tense (Headlines)

Replaces present perfect/past simple to make the story feel like it is happening NOW. Example: "Gore pins hopes..."

Past participle (Headlines)

Used instead of the full passive voice to save space. Example: "University attacked over tobacco money" (instead of "was attacked").

Infinitive (Headlines)

Used to refer to the future plans of the subject. Example: "Beckham to reject £80,000 a week."

Noun Strings (Headlines)

A row of nouns used consecutively to save space. Example: "Prime Minister's traffic headache."

Ambiguity (Headlines)

Words with double meanings to make readers look twice. Example: "Police found drunk in street" (Police were drunk OR police found a drunk man).

Passive voice (News reports)

Focuses on the result instead of the actor, avoiding direct blame to remain formal and impartial. Example: "Five men were arrested" (instead of "Police arrested five men").

Neutral reporting verbs

Verbs that simply report what was said without judgement. Example: say, tell, ask, state (e.g., "The ministry says...").

Tentative reporting verbs

Verbs expressing the writer's hesitation to fully believe the report. Example: suggest, hypothesize, imply.

Strong reporting verbs

Verbs indicating the writer is absolutely positive about the report or putting forward an argument. Example: argue, insist, claim, prove.

Verb + gerund reporting structure

Grammatical structure for reporting speech. Example: "He suggested going home", "He admitted stealing."

Verb + that + should-clause

Grammatical structure for reporting speech. Example: "He suggested that she go home", "He insisted that they should leave."