VBSC 403 Exam 4

Feed Related Diseases, Nutritional and Metabolic Disease, Toxins and Poisons

food borne

Pathogens of ______________ disease may be spread in three ways:

1. People to People

2. Animal to Animal Products to People

3. Animal Products to People to People

proper food handling and preparation

Most food borne disease can be prevented by _____________________ discussed by HACCP and ServSafe extension programs

enterotoxigenic, enterohemorrhagic

What two types of E. coli disease are caused by contaminated food sources?

animal, infected human

The follow food borne disease pathogens come from what type of food contamination source?

E. coli (enterotoxigenic or enterohemorrhagic), Nontyphoid salmonella, Campylobacter jejunum, Rotavirus, Virbio cholera

food handlers

The following food borne disease pathogens come from what type of food contamination source?

Salmonella typhii, Shigella species, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Hepatitis A

31

_____ pathogens are known to cause food borne illness

Food Safety Modernization Act

What law targets minimizing the prevalence of food borne illness in humans?

norovirus

Most illnesses caused by food borne pathogens are caused by ___________

nontyphoidal Salmonella spp

Most hospitalizations due to food borne pathogens are caused by _______________

nontyphoidal Salmonella spp

Most deaths due to food born pathogens are caused by __________________

direct, saprozoonosis

How are food-related diseases caused by Salmonella species spread?

contaminated food/water

What is the most common source of Salmonella species food-related disease infection?

enteritis

Most Salmonella species produce an _________ and may become septicemic and affect other organ systems

chronic carriers

The biggest challenge to controlling Salmonella species induced food-related disease in animal populations is that clinically recovered animals may become __________________

Direct, Saprozoonosis

How are food-related diseases caused by Escherichia coli spread?

E. coli

__________ is a normal inhabitant of the GI tract but some strains are pathogenic and produce toxins

0157:H7

What E. coli strain is most well known for causing food-related disease when food sources are contaminated by feces exposure?

E. coli

Is the infective dose for humans lower for Salmonella or E.coli?

low infective dose (large amounts of food products are easily contaminated with a few organisms)

What makes E.coli so pathogenic when causing food-related disease?

processing

More ____________ of meat including grinding into hamburger increases the risk of E.coli if the food is not cooked thoroughly

avoid exposure

What is the primary methods of prevention of food related disease, especially as it pertains to E.coli?

hamburger

What is the primary food source which is contaminated by E.coli?

soft cheeses and deli meat

What is the primary food source which is contaminated by Listeria?

autogenous bacterins, core anitgen

Because avoiding exposure to E.coli is more difficult in animals, we can also immunize with __________________ or _____________________ products

attacks Fe transport needed for Gram neg bacteria growth

How does immunization with core antigen products work to minimize disease risk of E.coli in animals?

Saprozoonosis

How are food-related diseases caused by Listeria spread?

Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria ivanovii

What bacterial agents cause Listeria in humans?

Listeria

Common soil contaminant and intestinal inhabitant which causes abortion in humans

pasteurization

Listeria may survive ______________ which makes recontamination likely in processed products

poorly fermented silage

What is the primary source of infection of Listeria in livestock?

less than 5

What is the ideal pH of a properly fermented silage?

Listeria

What organism can be spread via milk to induce food-related disease?

stable

Is Listeria very stable or very fragile in the environment?

sheep and goats

What livestock species are more susceptible to Listeria?

Listeria

Causes acute septicemia, meningoencephalitis, and abortions in livestock

circling disease (meningoencephalitis)

What is the classic presentation of Listeria?

false

True or False: A vaccine is available for Listeria

false

True or false: Listeria bacteria alter the smell and taste of foods that are contaminated, making it easy to distinguish contaminated products from safe products

mycotoxins

Secondary metabolic products of fungi which are NON-essential to fungal growth or reproduction

antibacterial

Many mycotoxins have ______________ activity such as penicillum, but they also tend to be toxic to humans and animals

contaminated feed

Mycotoxins are neither infectious or contagious, but can occur on a herd-wide basis. How?

true

True or False: Mycotoxins are found in pockets rather than being equally distributed throughout the feed

false

True or False: All fungi produce mycotoxins

maize

What is the primary commodity affected by many mycotoxins?

aflatoxin

Mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergilus parasiticus which is carcinogenic to the liver and affects maize and peanut commodities

aflatoxin

What was the first mycotoxin to be identified?

ochratoxin A

Mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus nigri, and Penicillium verrucosum which causes kidney necrosis and renal failure and affects wheat, barley, oats, maize and other commodities

trichothecenes

Mycotoxin produced by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum which mimics estrogenic activity and affects maize, wheat, and barley commodities

zearalenone

Mycotoxin produced by Fusarium graminearum which affects maize, wheat, barley, and grass commodities

fumonisin

Mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticilloides and Fusarium proliferatum which primarily affects the maize commodity

moniliformin

Mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme which primarily affects the maize commodity

PR toxin, patulin

Mycotoxins produced by Penicillium roqueforti which affects haylage and grass commodities

Tremorgens

Mycotoxin produced by Penicillium spp. which affects cereal grain commodities

Ergot alkaloids

Mycotoxin produced by Claviceps purpura spp. which affects cereal grain commodities

true

True or False: The presence of mold is not indicative of the presence of mycotoxins. (ie. Evidence of mold growth does not indicate the presence of mycotoxins and the absence of mold growth does not indicate the absence of mycotoxins)

liver, kidney

What organs are most severely affected by acute toxicities of mycotoxins?

mycotoxins

Chronic toxicities of ____________ causes weight loss, reproductive dysfunction, and immune dysfunction

true

True or False: Species susceptibility to individual mycotoxins varies widely

aflatoxin

Name the mycotoxin:

1. Produced by Aspergillus flavus

2. Causes liver damage

oxhratoxin

Name the mycotoxin:

1. Produced by several Penicillium species

2. Causes kidney necrosis and renal failure

trichothecenes

Name the mycotoxin:

1. mimics estrogenic activity

Fusarium verticilloides

What fungi causes Moldy Corn Poisoning (Equine Leukoencephalomalacia)?

Moldy Corn Poisoning

What is the common name for Equine Leukoencephalomalacia?

equine

What species is most commonly affected by Moldy Corn Poisoning?

Equine Leukoencephalomalacia

Affected horses are afebrile (no fever) and may be jaundiced with an initial period of somnolence, depression, and impaired food prehension and mastication. More severe neurologic signs of ____________________ include ataxia, blindness, head pressing, and seizures

antidote

To treat animals affected by mycotoxins:

1. Immediately remove the suspected feed from the diet

2. General supportive therapy: fluids, GI protectants, antioxidants, high quality protein diet, probiotics, yeast, etc.

3. Potentially administer nonspecific binders because there is no known _______________ for ANY mycotoxin

ruminants (some degradation of mycotoxins by rumen microbes)

Are ruminants or non-ruminants less sensitive to mycotoxins?

false (there is always some level of mycotoxins allowed in feeds)

True or False: Feed regulations prevent any level of mycotoxins in feed

moldy

To prevent mycotoxin problems:

1. Avoid ______ feeds: testing, minimize moisture, clean grain, adding mold inhibitors

2. Add binding agents

3. Dilute moldy feed with clean grain

endophyte

fungal organism that lives within a plant to make it more hardy/resistant which generates a compound that can be toxic to animals consuming the infected forage

Festuca arundinacea, neotyphodium coenophialum

What two fungi produce endophytes that cause disease from tall fescue?

Neotyphodium lolii

What fungi produces endophytes that cause disease in ryegrass?

lolitrem-B

What endophyte causes disease in Ryegrass?

ergonovine alkaloids

What endophytes cause disease in Fescue?

fescue intoxication

Endophyte disease which causes

1. Poor appetite, weight/condition loss

2. Uncontrolled body temp fluctuations

3. Reduced prolactin (milk stimulating hormone) leading to agalactica (lack of milk production) - primarily in horses

4. Prolonged gestation, red bag delivery, dystocia

5. Weak foals, deaths of perinatal foals

6. fescue foot - cattle

Ryegrass staggers

Endophyte disease caused by lolitrem-B which causes:

1. Ataxia (stumbling), loss of coordination, head shaking

2. Tremors, collapse

physical, chemical

Forms of feed hygiene control:

1. __________ control

   1. feed irradiation

   2. thermal

2. __________ control

   1. essential oils/botanicals

   2. acids

   3. aldehydes

   4. preservatives

1. Conduct hazard analysis

2. Identify critical control points

3. Establish critical limits

4. Establish monitoring procedures

5. Establish corrective actions

6. Establish verification procedures

7. Establish record-keeping procedures

What are the seven principles of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points for feed hygiene control to reduce bacterial growth?

poison

any substance or matter which, when applied to the body outwardly or in any way introduced into it in sufficient quantity, can interfere with the life processes of cells by its own inherent qualities

effect on the body, chemical vs physical, source of compound

What are the three main ways to classify a toxin?

effect on the body

Toxins can be classified based on their ______________ as:

1. Corrosives

2. Protoplasmic and parenchymatous poisons

3. Nerve poisons

4. Poisons affecting blood

organic, inorganic

Toxins can be classified as either chemical or physical in nature, then further as __________ or ___________

endogenous, exogenous

Toxins can be classified by their source broadly as either ____________ or _____________

dose, duration of exposure, route of administration, particle size (affects absorption), chemical form (affects action, absorption, excretion, solubility in fluids, and comparability with transport mechanisms), source (affects dose, chemical nature, and physical nature), species, age, sex, metabolic size, health status

What factors affect poisoning? (Listed 11 of them)

concentrations

Plant poisons may occur in differing _______________ in various parts: stems, leaves, seeds/fruits, roots

false

True or false: Clinical signs of poisonings are often pathognomonic

sufficient

The diagnosis of poisoning is challenging because:

1. History of exposure may or may not be present

2. Signs are rarely pathognomonic

3. Clinical signs may increase index of suspicion

4. Large number of types of compounds possible which complicates analytical techniques

5. Diagnosis is dependent on demonstration of poison in the tissues “in __________ quantities”

arsenic

Name that poison:

1. Can have inorganic or organic forms

2. Acute form impacts the GI tract

3. Chronic form impacts the Central Nervous System and kidneys

4. Common sources: herbicides/rodenticides, antifungal agents on seed grains, wood preservatives (pressure treated), growth enhancers/medications

5. Readily absorbed from GI tract, lungs, intact skin

6. Accumulates in the liver then distributes to other tissues such a as bone, skin, hair, hoof

7. Excreted in urine, feces, sweat, and milk

trivalent

Is the trivalent or pentavalent form of arsenic salts more toxic?

liver

Where does arsenic initially accumulate in the body?

Copper

Name that poison:

1. Essential nutrient that becomes toxic with high intakes

2. Poisoning more likely where MULTIPLE sources exist (feed additives, concentrate mixes, forages, trace mineralized salt, foot baths, medicinals)

3. Mobilizes during stress

4. Difficult to treat once clinical signs are present

5. Toxicity dependent on dietary availability which is influenced by chemical interactions with Mo, S, Fe, Zn, and sulfite

6. Likelihood of toxicity varies by species

ovine, camelids, bovine/caprine, porcine/equine/poultry

Rank the sensitivity of the following species based on their susceptibility to Cu toxicosis from most to least: camelids, equine, poultry, bovine, ovine, caprine, porcine

Fluorine

Name that poison:

1. Sources include soil (especially based on mine drainage), rock phosphates, water sources, 1080 rodenticide

2. Deposits in teeth and bones, disrupting the structural integrity of hydroxapetite crystals

   1. Clinical signs include mottled teeth and arthritic joints

Lead

Name that poison:

1. Sources include storage batteries, solder and water pipes, buckshot, paint in many older houses, industrial pollution, pollution from some vehicle exhaust

2. Persistently present in soil

3. Acute poisoning causes GI signs

4. Chronic poisoning causes central nervous system signs and anemia

5. Poorly absorbed in the GI tract but also not excreted very efficiently

6. Ruminants are more sensitive due to this being solubilized in the rumen

ruminants (lead is solubilized in the rumen)

Are ruminants or non-ruminants more sensitive to Pb poisoning?

Mercury

Name that poison:

1. Sources include fungicidal seed treatments, environmental sources, medicinals, old thermometers, switches in some equipment

2. Biomagnifies in the food chain

3. Elemental form can be inhaled, causing respiratory and neurologic signs and renal toxicity

4. Inorganic salts can be ingested, causing severe damage to GI tract and kidneys

fish

Mercury concentrations in _____ of the US are now high enough to be a public health concern

biomagnification

Mercury has a ________________ effect in the food chain because it is a cumulative poison, meaning that the concentration of mercury is higher as you move up the food chain

Selenium

Name that poison:

1. Sources include alkaline soils that receive little rainfall and accumulator plants such as Astragulus spp.

2. Acute toxicity is most often induced by parenteral (injectable) products being misused

3. Causes Alkali Disease which chronically affects hair and hooves, causing emaciation, roughness of coat, stiffness, lameness, and sloughing of hooves

Sodium Chloride

Name that poison:

1. Termed “Salt intoxication”

2. Induced by water restriction/deficiency

3. Causes signs of the central nervous system including stargazing because of an eosinophilic meningoencephalitis

4. Paravascular cupping is indicative of this toxicity

5. Pigs are highly susceptible