Crim Flashcards for Final

What was the purpose of the 9 dot activity?

To think outside of the box and our comfort zone

This is a youth below the age of Adult Court jurisdiction in a particular state:

a. 12 years

b. 14 years

c. 16 years

d. 18 years

d. 18 years

T/F: White youth are much more likely than colored youth to be held in juvenile facilities

False

Major differences between the Juvenile Justice System and the Adult Court System is:

a. Society agrees that young people who have gone wrong are worth salvaging

b. Adult trials are open to the public and juvenile proceedings are closed to the public

c. The priority of the Juvenile Justice System is rehabilitation, and the adult system is retribution

d. A and B only

e. All of the above

e. All of the above

During the following time period, human potential was emphasized and children were recognized as the only true heirs to the future:

a. Society Awakening Period

b. Enlightenment Period

c. Juvenile Awakening

d. Adult Enlightenment

b. Enlightenment Period

T/F: Most early reform school approaches stressed Christian principles emphasizing an individual’s worth and duplicating a healthy family environment.

True

T/F: At-Risk Youth are those engaged in dangerous conduct such as abusing drugs/alcohol and precocious sexual activity.

True

The most pressing problems facing American youth today revolve around:

a. Poverty/Substandard living conditions

b. Too much religious training

c. Family problems

d. Not enough sex

e. A and C only

f. B and D only

e. A and C only

T/F: Because society has prioritized juvenile health, this issue is not a concern in our society

False

T/F: California has the distinction of being the state having the most kids in foster care waiting to be adopted

True

T/F: In early America, any punishment less than maiming or permanently harming a child was considered within the sphere of parental rights

True

T/F: In early Juvenile Court procedures, juveniles enjoyed essentially the same Constitutional rights as adults

False

T/F: Since the inception of the earlier Juvenile Courts, the system specified that Judges were to serve as advocates/supporters for Juveniles

True

T/F: In court, juveniles are referred to in the same way as adults for easy identification, such as: Defendants, Suspects, Perpetrators

False

Adolescent

Transitional phase and development between childhood and adulthood, usually between the ages of 10 and 19

Status Offender

A child who violates laws written for them (buying cigarettes/alcohol/being truant)

Juvenile Delinquency

Participation in illegal behavior by a minor who falls under a statutory age limit

Ego Identity

This trait is formed when people develop a firm sense of who they are and what they stand for

Patria Potesta

Early Roman Principle that fathers had control over their children, and these children has an absolute responsibility to obey the father’s wishes

Juvenile Justice System

The primary justice system used to handle minors who are arrested and convicted of criminal offenses

272 PC/Child Abuse/Neglect

Any act (or failure to act) by a parent or caregiver who is responsible of the child’s welfare

At-Risk Youth

Young people who are extremely vulnerable to the negative consequences of school failure, substance abuse, and early sexuality

Urbanization

It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people begin to live and work there

Parens Patriae

Principle that allows the State to assume a parental role

T/F: Many jurisdictions feel that opportunities to commit crimes will be reduced if troubled kids are given a curfew

True

If reported properly, crime statistics can provide a powerful tool for Legislators and organization decision makers

True

T/F: The UCR/NIBRS Reporting System is made up of crime information that is collected and monitored by the DOJ (Department of Justice)

False

The UCR/NIBRS Reporting System contains what are called the Part 1 Crimes. What are they?

• Forcible Rape

• Aggravated Assault

• Robbery

• Murder

• Larceny-Theft

• Arson

• Motor Vehicle Theft

• Burglary

T/F: To ensure uniformity in reporting, the DOJ has developed standardized definitions of offenses and terminologies used in the program

False

T/F: A major advantage of NIBRS is that is provides the ability to break down and combine crime offense data into specific information

True

Chronic Recidivist

Someone who has been arrested five times or more before the age of 18

Self-Reports

A research approach that requires subjects to reveal their own participation in delinquent or criminal acts

Age of Onset

Age at which youths begin their delinquent careers

Aging Out Process

Tendency for youths to reduce the frequency of their offending behavior as they age

Dark Figures of Crime

Incidents of crime that go undetected by the police

Victimization

The number of people who are victims of criminal acts

Survey

A process whereby people are asked about their attitudes, beliefs, values, and characteristics, and experiences with crime and victimization

Sampling

Selecting a limited number of people for study as representative of a larger group

T/F: Young people, especially the indigent and antisocial, tend to “discount the future”

True

T/F: Some studies indicate that chronic juvenile offenders are likely to continue violating the law as adults

True

T/F: In most of the theories studied thus far, many of them assume that people in general do not gave “free will” or “choice” on whether to violate the law or not

False

T/F: In general, delinquents do not believe that crime can be a relatively risk-free way to make money and have fun

False

T/F: Delinquent acts are an ideal mechanism for displaying courage and fearlessness

True

Effective monitoring by parents can ______ the likelihood that kids will commit crime.

a. Reduce

b. Increase

c. Can cause a surge in

d. Have no effect on

a. Reduce

What are two personal factors that might be linked to the decision to choose delinquency? List them

Economic factors and peer pressure

T/F: One way of deterring delinquency is to provide jobs that provide a learning experience and support academic achievement

True

The concept that holds that the choice to commit delinquent acts can be generally controlled by the threat of punishment is called:

a. Imprisonment

b. Fines

c. Corporal Punishment

d. General Deterrence

d. General Deterrence

Bipolar Disorder

Moods alternate between periods of wild elation and deep depression

Identity Crisis

Psychological state in which youths face inner turmoil and uncertainty about life roles

Predatory Crimes

Violent crimes against persons and crimes in which an offender attempts to steal an object directly from its holder

Choice Theory

Suggests that juvenile offenders are rational decision makers who CHOOSE to engage in antisocial activity because it will be beneficial for them

Specific Deterrence

A concept that says that if young offenders are punished severely, the experience will convince them not to repeat their illegal acts

Situational Crime Prevention

Crime control efforts must recognize the characteristics of sites and situations that are at risk to crime

Behaviorism

A theory that concerns itself with the study of observable behavior rather than unconscious processes

Free Will

The view that juveniles are in charge of their own destinies and are free to make personal behavior choices that are not impacted by environmental factors

Genetical Influences

Studies that suggest that some youths genetically inherit genes that predisposes them to aggression

Neuroticism

Individuals who are highly anxious and emotionally unstable

T/F: As in the adult court system, in juvenile court an individual is guilty until they prove themselves innocent

False

Most youth who choose delinquency come from the following environments:

a. Tough urban environments

b. Families are neither torn apart or in stress and where social support is lacking

c. Are indigent and desperate

d. All of the above

e. A and C only

d. All of the above

T/F: Surveys have concluded that the more often that children are exposed to violence does not necessarily mean that they are going to become violent themselves

False

Children who grow up in low-income homes are less likely to achieve in school and complete their schooling

True

By joining gangs, lower-class youths feel that they are rejecting the culture that has already rejected them

True

T/F: Early socialization experiences do not have a lifelong influence on self-image, values, and behaviors

False

T/F: Peer groups do not influence most delinquents and do not usually have an impact on behavior

False

Factors that may play an important role in shaping juvenile behavior choices are:

a. Families

b. Peers

c. Neighbors

d. Dentists

e. A and B

f. C and D

e. A and B

T/F: Economic disadvantage/poverty can be especially devastating to younger children

True

Social Bond

Ties a person to the institutions and processes of society: can include; attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief

Socialization

The processes of learning the values and norms of the society or the subculture to which the individual belongs

Culture of Poverty

The view that lower-class people form a separate culture and their own values and norms, which are sometimes in conflict with conventional society

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Deviant behavior patterns that are a response to an earlier labeling experience, even if falsely bestowed

Social Control

Ability of social institutions to influence human behavior

Restorative Justice

Nonpunitive strategies for dealing with juvenile offenders that make the justice system a healing process rather than a punishment process

Culture Conflict

When the values of a subculture clash with those of the dominant culture

Stigmatized

People who have been negatively labeled as a result of their participation in deviant or outlawed behaviors

Parental Efficacy

Families in which parents are able to integrate their children into the household unit while at the same time helping them assert their individuality and regulate their own behavior

Deinstitutionalization

Removing juveniles from adult jails and placing them in community-based programs to avoid the stigma attached to these facilities

T/F: The literature linking delinquency to poor school performance is extensive

True

T/F: Minority youth have decreased chances of developing criminal records at an early age

False

People who live in poverty are more likely to suffer

a. Low self-esteem

b. Depression

c. Loneliness

d. None of the above

e. All of the above

e. All of the above

T/F: Socialization is considered by many theorists to be a key determinant of behavior

True

T/F: A peer group has little effect on juvenile conduct and usually has little effect on decision making and behavior choices

False

T/F: Some studies indicate that children as young as toddlers begin relationships and behaviors that will determine their entire life course

True

When it comes to dealing with juveniles, what quality is probably the most important for a parent to have:

a. Patience

b. Consistent balanced discipline

c. Strong family relationship

d. All of the above

e. None of the above

d. All of the above

T/F: The best predictor of future criminality is past criminality

True

T/F: Research shows that kids who become early persistent offenders engage in more aggressive acts, theft, and violent offenses as time goes on

True

T/F: If behaviors does not change, usually more serious crime is not committed

False

T/F: If divorced partners communicate and cooperate, chances are good that their children may be able to survive the divorce process

True

What following factors can lead to difficulty in resisting delinquency

a. Lack of supervision

b. Collecting Pokémon cards

c. Threatening, erratic or harsh discipline

d. A and C only

e. None of the above

d. A and C only

T/F: Adolescents who are at risk for delinquency can live conventional lives if they can find good jobs or achieve successful careers

True

T/F: Research has shown that children who grow up in single parent homes are more likely to have happier marriages

False

T/F: Kids headed toward a life of crime can potentially veer off that path if they meet the right mate

True

T/F: Juveniles usually seem to be very tolerant of someone who looks “different”

False

T/F: If there are fewer opportunities for deviant behavior, then there are more opportunities for positive choices if they are available

True

In class, we discussed that some kids who have some disorder (ADD, ADHD, etc) have reported that they know something is wrong, but don’t know exactly what it is. They then begin to “medicate themselves”. What did we mean by this statement and what do you think about this process?

Opinion

People with limited self-control tend to be:

a. Impulsive

b. Seek immediate gratification

c. Low self-control

d. All of the above

e. A and B only

d. All of the above

Impulsive

Lacking in thought or deliberation in decision making

Latent Traits

Delinquent behavior is controlled by a trait present at birth or develops soon after

Self-Control

Refers to a person’s ability to exercise restraint/control over feelings

Abstainers

Kids who are not involved in typical adolescent misbehaviors

General Theory of Crime

Theory that integrates concepts from biosocial, psychological, routine activities, and rational choice theories