NUTR 14 (test review)

Intracellular fluid (ICF) is located inside cells, containing high concentrations of

potassium (K⁺), magnesium (Mg ²⁺), phosphate (PO₄^3-), sulfate (SO₄^2-)

extracellular fluid (ECF) outside cells located in spaces between cells, rich in

sodium (Na+), Calcium (Ca²⁺), chloride (Cl-), bicarbonate (HCO3-)

functions of water?

How much of the human body is composed of water, and how does this differ by tissue type?

~55% of adult’s body weight is water

lean ppl have higher % of water than ppl with more body fat

Renin?

released by kidneys when blood pressure drops

renin →

angiotensinogen → angiotensin I → angiotensin II

angiotensin II causes…

constriction of blood vessels and release of aldosterone (from adrenal gland)

functions of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in regulating water balance?

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) tells kidneys to reabsorb more water

increase blood volume

reduce urine output

amenorrhea =

absence of menstrual periods

amenorrhea indicates low estrogen levels and estrogen is important for…

risk factor of…

maintaining bone density

osteoporosis (bone disease)

Hyperkalemia:

high level of potassium

Hypernatremia

High level of sodium (dehydration or excessive salt intake)

Hyponatremia

Low level of sodium (excessive water overwhelm kidney = dilution of sodium)

magnesium deficiency often caused by conditions that lead to

excessive fluid and electrolyte loss (GI disorders that involve prolonged diarrhea or vomiting)

consequences to magnesium deficiency?

osteopenia (mildly reduced bone capacity) or osteoporosis (severe bone loss)

Potassium-rich foods include…

leafy greens (spinach), root vegetables (potatoes), beans, fruits, fish (salmon)

Magnesium-rich foods include…

plants products (whole grains, beans)

Aldosterone released from the adrenal glands when…

potassium is high (hyperkalemia) or sodium is low (hyponatremia) or blood pressure/volume drops

What is the function of aldosterone in fluid, electrolyte, blood pressure balance

Causes kidneys to retain sodium and chloride = more water retention

What body part regulate potassium?

kidneys

Hormones (like aldosterone) help control potassium levels by

increasing sodium reabsorption (body keeps salt and water → helps blood pressure) and increasing potassium excretion (kidneys dump potassium into urine)

American Heart Associate recommend limit of 1500 mg sodium per day for….

African Americans, people aged 51 or above, people with chronic conditions (high-risk groups)

normal and elevated blood pressure?

Normal: <120/80

Elevated: 120–129 / <80

other than normal and elevated, whats the blood pressure ranges and classifications:

Hypertension Stage 1 (HTN I): 130–139 / 80–89

HTN II: ≥140 / ≥90

organs are affected by prolonged hypertension?

heart, brain, kidneys, eyes

increased risk of hypertension =

nearly __ adults has hypertension

high sodium

1 in 3

average US intake of sodium =

daily value of sodium =

sodium content of table salt (NaCl)?

around 3400 mg/day

2300 mg

40%

overall functions of minearls?

minerals most involved in regulating fluid and electrolyte balance?

sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphate

role of sodium?

conduct nerve impulses in nerve impulse transmission

locations of sodium excretion?

kidneys, sweat (skin), feces (gastrointestinal tract)

excess of potassium excreted in?

urine

unlike vitamins, minerals are ___ elements that cannot be ___ by _____

(hint: minerals leach into water)

inorganic (lack C-H bonds)

destroyed

heat, light, acid

Populations that are in higher needs of calcium?

What affects calcium bioavailability?

teens, pregnant women, older adults

absorption affected by vitamin D (required for calcium homeostatis), age, diet

calcium vs magnesium in bone health and development

calcium build and maintains bones and teeth

magnesium supports bone structure and helps activate vitamin D

Which populations have higher absorption rates of calcium?

children (growing phase) and pregnant women

Which compartment holds the most body water?

intracellular fluid (2/3)

calcium RDA for adults (19-50) and adolescents (9-18)?

adults: 1000 mg

adolescents: 1300 mg

calcium UL for adults (19-50) and adolescents (9-18)?

adults: 2500 mg UL

children: 3000 mg UL