HIS101 Mid term study guide

Which of these developments emerged during the Paleolithic Age?

The invention of such tools as the spear and bow and arrow

As a result of the Agricultural Revolution, people

enjoyed a stead source of meat and milk

Why did bronze replace copper in ancient civilizations?

Bronze was harder and more durable

How did the shift to an agricultural society during the Neolithic Age affect relationships between men and women?

Men's work took them further away from home; women's work increasingly confined them to household labor

Historians theorize that early civilizations developed as a result of

the rise of food surpluses and labor specialization, which led to the creation of large communities.

What was the basic unit of early Mesopotamian civilization?

City-state

Which statement best describes Mesopotamian religion?

Mesopotamian religion had many gods and people were created to do manual labor for the gods

Once systems of writing developed, the Mesopotamians used writing largely for

keeping records and creating documents that might endure

What was the focus of most laws in the Code of Hammurabi?

Marriage and family

How did Egyptian society compare to Mesopotamian society?

It was more rural

According to Egyptian theology, from what source did a king - or pharaoh -- derive his authority?

The fact that he was perceived as a divine instrument of order and harmony

The term Ma'at expresses the Egyptian belief in

truth, justice, and order in the universe

Who were the Hyksos?

A Semitic-speaking people who infiltrated Egypt in the seventeenth century B.C.E

The Egyptian pyramids can be best described as

conceived and built as tombs for a city of the dead

What was the foundation of ancient Egypt's economy?

Agriculture

Who was one of the few female pharaohs of Egypt?

Hatshepsut

The Hittites played an important role in the history of the Middle East because they

transmitted Mesopotamian culture to the west, especially to the Mycenaean Greeks

The original Indo-Europeans possibly came from

the steppe region north of the Black Sea

What was Solomon's most revered contribution to the Hebrew society?

Constructing of the Temple, the symbolic center of the Hebrew religion and society

The Hebrew Bible

focuses on the basic theme of the necessity of the Hebrews to obey their God

Which of these endeavors was the primary focus of the Phoenicians?

International trade

Which statement was true of Byblos, Tyre, and Sidon?

They were all sea ports

Which of these statements about the Phoenicians is true?

They sailed into the Atlantic

What was an important Phoenician contribution to the ancient Near East?

The development of a simplified alphabet and system of writing

The Assyrians are best remembered for their

empire building

The Assyrian army was

extremely well organized

Which statement best describes the Assyrian use of terror tactics and atrocities?

They especially targeted inhabitants of the empire who rebelled against Assyrian rule

Nebuchadnezzar II accomplished all of the following EXCEPT

the revision of the Persian law code

The Hanging Gardens were intended to resemble

the mountains of Media

The founder of the Persian Empire, who defeated Babylon and freed the Jews from captivity in 539 B.C., was

Cyrus the Great

What is a satrap?

Faithful servant

What was the name applied to the elite infantry of the Persian army?

Immortals

The weakening of the Persian Empire was largely attributed to

the kings' hoarding of wealth and over-taxation of their subjects

Which leader conquered parts of India and Europe?

Darius

In what way was Zoroastrianism similar to Judaism?

Both religions were monotheistic

Which people ruled the largest empire?

The Persians

With which of these statements would a Zoroastrian agree?

The universe is the site of a cosmic struggle between good and evil

The decline of the Hittites and Egyptians around 1200 B.C.E

created a power vacuum which allowed several small states to emerge and temporarily flourish

Which statement best describes the Mycenaeans?

They were a warrior people who achieved their apex between 1400 and 1200 B.C.E

The civilization of Minoan Crete

developed elaborate skills in art and architecture, visible in their great palaces

What was the primary focus on the Mycenaens?

Warfare and conquest

During the migrations of the Greek Dark Age, many Ionians

crossed the Aegean Sea to settle in Asia Minor

What were the chief characteristics of the Greek Dark Age?

It was a period of migrations and declining food production.

Most Greek colonies can be best described as

sizable settlements that included agricultural land

Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of the typical Greek polis?

Each polis had a population of between 90,000 and 100,000 citizens

The Greek polis put primary emphasis on

cooperation between its citizens for the common welfare

A hoplite was a

heavy infantryman

The hoplite phalanx relied for its success on

discipline and teamwork

Which Greek philosopher said, with regard to the polis, "We must... regard every citizen as belonging to the state"?

Aristotle

Which of the following is NOT true of Greek colonization?

Greek colonies were trading posts rather than permanent settlements

Why did the Spartans make the army the center of their society?

They feared an uprising by their helots

What resulted from the Lycurgan reforms?

The establishment of a permanent military state in Sparta

What was expected of Spartan women, but not women of most other Greek cities?

That they stay physically fit to bear healthy children

What was a major aim of the reforms of Cleisthenes?

To weaken the power of the traditional localities and regions

What did the term arete mean to the Greeks?

The striving for excellence

Which statement best describes Solon's reforms?

His reforms allowed for men and women to participate in politics

The Battle of Marathon was a victory for

the Athenian hoplites

What was the major cause of the Persian Wars?

The revolt of the Ionian Greek colonies in Asia Minor

The narrow pass where 9000 Greek hoplites under the leadership of Spartan king Leonidas held a Persian army of over 150,000 men for two days was

Thermopylae

Which city-state led the Delian League?

Athens

What was the result of the Peloponnesian War?

The defeat of Athens and the collapse of its empire

What was one of the chief causes of the Peloponnesian War?

Sparta feared the power of Athens and its maritime empire

How did the Greek historian Thucydides differ from Herodotus?

Thucydides was unconcerned with spiritual forces as a factor in history

Socrates was condemned to death for

corrupting the youth of Athens

The Sophists

were professional teachers who seemingly questioned the traditional values of their societies

Which statement best describes the social situation of most Greek women?

Women were kept under strict control, cut off from formal education, and were always assigned a male guardian

The Athenian economy is best described as

predominantly agricultural, but highly diversified

Which statement about the Macedonians is CORRECT?

They were probably not Greek

How did Isocrates view Philip II?

He hoped that Philip would unite the Greek world in a campaign against Persia

At the Battle of Chaeronea (338 B.C.E.), Philip II

defeated the Greek poleis, ending their independence

Alexander's military success against the Persians was in part attributable to

the role of Alexander's cavalry as the decisive element of his army

What is the most likely reason the Celts began to migrate south and west in the fifth century B.C.E.?

Overpopulation

The famous Indian ruler who sent Buddhist missionaries to Greek rulers was

Asoka

How did Alexander the Great facilitate the spread of Greek culture?

He founded many new cities

Which statement best describes the Hellenistic era?

Greek culture was extended and imitated throughout the ancient Near East

What happened to the Hellenistic states in the centuries after Alexander the Great?

They became more monarchical

By the first century B.C.E., what was the largest city in the Mediterranean?

Alexandria

Improvements in trade and commerce in the Hellenistic world were greatly aided by all of the following EXCEPT

revolutionary innovations in agriculture

Which group dominated the ruling class during the Hellenistic period?

Greeks

Which statement best describes the economic life of the Hellenistic world?

There was a significant shift in industry and manufacturing from Greece to the east

Which migration was an important development in the Hellenistic period?

Greek migration to Hellenistic cities

Which statement most closely describes the Hellenistic economy?

There was little economic innovation

Who was the most important historian of the Hellenistic period?

Polybius

How did Stoicism contrast with Epicureanism?

It suggested that activism in the public realm was good and noble

The scientific foundations of medicine made by Alexandrian physicians

were made possible through the use of dissection and vivisection

Which statement best describes the style of Hellenistic sculpture?

It was more emotional and realistic than classical Greek sculpture

What was astronomer Aristarchus of Samos's contribution to science in the Hellenistic era?

He developed a heliocentric view of the universe

What was Alexandrian scholar Euclid's most famous achievement?

He systematized the study of geometry

The most famous scientist of his era, Archimedes of Syracuse, was responsible for all of the following EXCEPT

uniting the disciplines of science and philosophy

Which of the following statements is supported by surviving Hellenistic documents?

Increasing numbers of women were involved in economic activities

Who led a revolt against the Seleucid monarchy in Judea in the 160s B.C.E.?

Judas Maccabaeus

The people to the north of Rome who apparently ruled Rome for a century and heavily influenced Roman urban culture were the

Etruscans

The Roman Dictator

was a temporary executive during the period of the Republic

What precedent for the treatment of vanquished foes emerged from the creation of the Roman Confederation?

It offered the most favored "allied" peoples full Roman citizenship, thus giving them a stake in successful Roman expansion.

What was the most formidable power that the Romans faced in the Mediterranean?

Carthage

In defeating the Greek city-states in southern Italy, Rome

had to fight the soldiers of King Pyrrhus, sent against them by the Greeks

What was the Struggle of the Orders?

It was a peaceful struggle, which resulted in political compromise between plebeians and patricians

What was the imperium?

The power to command Roman citizens

What was the paterfamilias in Roman society?

The male head of the household

What was the original role of the Roman Senate?

It could only advise the magistrates in legal matters