Biology medicine part 2
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28 Terms
What is a pathogen?
A microorganism that causes disease.
Name 4 types of pathogens
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists
What is a communicable disease?
A disease that can spread from one organism to another
How do diseases spread?
Air, water, direct contact
What do antibiotics do?
Kill bacteria
Do antibiotics kill viruses?
No
Name 2 ways to prevent disease spread
Hygiene, isolation, vaccination
How do bacteria reproduce?
By binary fission (rapid cell division)
How do viruses cause damage?
They reproduce inside cells and destroy them
What do white blood cells do?
Defend against pathogens
What are antibodies?
Proteins that bind to specific antigens on pathogens
What do antitoxins do?
Neutralise toxins produced by bacteria
What is vaccination?
Introducing a dead/inactive pathogen to trigger immune response
Why are vaccinations effective?
Memory cells respond faster next time
Why are antibodies specific?
Each antibody has a unique shape matching a specific antigen
What is antibiotic resistance?
When bacteria evolve so antibiotics no longer work
Why does antibiotic resistance increase?
Overuse and misuse of antibiotics
Difference between painkillers and antibiotics?
Painkillers treat symptoms, antibiotics kill bacteria
Where do new drugs come from?
Plants, microorganisms, chemicals
What are the 3 stages of drug testing?
Cells → animals → humans
What happens in clinical trials?
Test safety, dosage, and effectiveness on humans
What is a placebo?
A fake treatment with no active ingredient
Why use double-blind trials?
To prevent bias (neither doctor nor patient knows)
Why is peer review important?
Other scientists check validity before publishing
Why are vaccines controversial?
Possible side effects vs protection of population
How do viruses reproduce?
Inject DNA into host cell → replicate → burst cell
6-marker: How vaccines work
Contains dead/inactive pathogen.Then Antigens trigger immune response.The White blood cells produce antibodies.Then the Memory cells formed.After Faster response on reinfection.Then the Person becomes immune.
6-marker: Antibiotic resistance
Mutation.Then Survival of resistant bacteria.Witch then Reproduction happens. After there is Natural selection. Then there is Overuse of antibiotics.