Human Biology Unit 1 - Cell Structure, Systems, and Metabolism

Practice flashcards covering cell biology, metabolic processes, and major human body systems including circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, and skeletal systems.

According to cell theory, cells are the __________ for all living organisms.

building blocks

The liquid part of the cytoplasm, known as cytosol, consists of __________ to __________ water.

$75\%$ to $90\%$

The __________ is a structure within the nucleus involved in protein manufacturing.

nucleolus

The __________ consists of stacked, flattened membranes and is responsible for modifying and packaging proteins for secretion.

Golgi body

Chemical substances found in the cytoplasm that are not part of the cell structure, such as melanin or haemoglobin, are called __________.

inclusions

Most human cells have a diameter between __________ and __________ micrometers.

$10$ and $15$

In the cell membrane, proteins account for approximately __________ of the membrane's weight.

$$55\%$$

The type of vesicular transport used for taking in liquids is called __________.

pinocytosis

In __________ tissue, cells are separated by a non-cellular material called the matrix.

connective

The three main types of muscular tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and __________ muscle.

involuntary

The specific part of an enzyme that binds to a substrate is known as the __________.

active site

During anaerobic respiration, pyruvic acid is converted into __________.

lactic acid

Aerobic respiration has a potential yield of __________ molecules of ATP from one glucose molecule.

$$38$$

The formula used to calculate cardiac output is __________.

$$CO = SV \times HR$$

Oxygen is primarily transported in the blood in the form of __________.

oxyhemoglobin

The site of gas exchange in the lungs, which provides an enormous internal surface area, is the __________.

alveoli

The digestive enzyme excreted in the mouth for starch digestion is __________.

salivary amylase

The process by which the liver converts excess amino acids into urea is called __________.

deamination

Each kidney contains approximately __________ nephrons.

$$1.2\,million$$

According to the sliding filament model, sarcomeres shorten when __________ and __________ filaments slide over one another.

actin and myosin

The type of cartilage that provides strength and flexibility and is found in the trachea is __________.

hyaline

Bones lose calcium and minerals, leading to reduced mass and density, generally after the age of __________.

$$30$$