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Unit 10 Mutations
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1
Mutation
A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
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2
Somatic mutations
Mutations occurring in somatic cells, which are not passed to offspring.
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3
Gametes
Reproductive cells (eggs and sperm) that can carry mutations to offspring.
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4
Chromosomal mutations
Mutations that involve changes in the structure of a chromosome or gain/loss of chromosome parts.
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5
Gene mutations
Mutations that involve a change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene.
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6
Deletion
A chromosomal mutation where a piece of a chromosome is lost due to breakage.
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7
Inversion
A chromosomal mutation where a chromosome segment breaks off, flips around, and reattaches.
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8
Duplication
A chromosomal mutation that occurs when a gene sequence is repeated.
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9
Translocation
A chromosomal mutation involving the transfer of part of one chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome.
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10
Nondisjunction
Failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis, leading to gametes with abnormal numbers of chromosomes.
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11
Point mutation
A gene mutation characterized by a change of one base, involving substitution, insertion, or deletion.
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12
Substitution
A type of point mutation where one base is replaced with another.
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13
Insertion
A type of gene mutation where a base is added to the nucleotide sequence.
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14
Frameshift mutation
A mutation that involves inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides, altering the reading frame.
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15
Reading frame
The way nucleotides are grouped into codons, affecting how amino acids are generated.
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16
Amino acid sequence
The order of amino acids in a protein, which can be changed by mutations.
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17
Somatic cells
Body cells that do not give rise to gametes and do not transmit mutations to offspring.
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18
Beneficial mutations
Mutations that improve an organism's survival.
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19
Leukemia
A cancer of the blood and bone marrow that can result from somatic mutations.
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20
Chromosome structure
The composition and organization of a chromosome that can be altered by mutations.
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