A&P II Lab Practical 1

Blood

Fluid connective tissue that encompases a medium for material to travel

Functions of blood (3)

Transportation, protection, regulation

Components of whole blood

Formed elements and plasma

Formed elements (3)

• Erythrocytes (RBC)

• Leukocytes (WBC)

• Thrombocytes (platelets)

Plasma

Extracellular matrix within blood vessels; fluid portion of blood

Plasma components

92% water, electrolytes, plasma proteins (albumin, immunoglobulin, fibrinogen, complementary proteins, clotting factor), nutrients, toxins, gases, hormones

Erythropoiesis

Formation of red blood cells;

Hematopoietic stem cells → colony-forming units → precursor cells (erythroblasts → reticulocytes) → erythrocytes

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A glycoprotein hormone from the kidneys that stimulates the formation of RBC in red bone marrow

Types of leukocytes

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

Types of granulocytes

Basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil

Types of agranulocytes

Lymphocyte, monocyte

Leukopoiesis

Formation of white blood cells;

Hematopoietic stem cells → colony-forming units → precursor cells → leukocytes

Platelets

Broken fragments/finger-like projections of megakaryocytes

Thrombopoiesis

Formation of platelets;

Hematopoietic stem cells → progenitor cells → megakaryoblasts → promegakaryocytes → megakaryocytes

Platelet function

Blood clotting! (vascular spasm, plug formation, coagulation)

Eosinophil

Basophil

Neutrophil

Monocyte

Lymphocyte

Blood histology

Eosinophilia histology

Acute lymphatic leukemia histology

Sickle cell anemia histology

Organs of the endocrine system (9)

• Hypothalamus

• Pituitary

• Thyroid

• Parathyroid

• Pancreas

• Pineal gland

• Adrenals

• Thymus

• Gonads; ovaries, testes

Thyroid histology

Parathyroid histology

Pituitary histology

Adrenal histology

Testis and epididymis histology

Pancreas histology

Mammal ovary ovulation

Pineal histology

Hypothalamus

Pituitary (*not in this dissection but would be there)

Pineal gland

Thyroid/parathyroid is directly behind (4 pea-shaped glands)

Thymus

Pancreas

Adrenals

Ovary

Head-region glands (3)

Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal

Neck-region glands (2)

Thyroid, parathyroid

Chest-region gland (1)

Thymus

Abdomen-region glands (2)

Adrenal, pancreas

Pelvic-region glands (1 M, 1 F)

F: ovaries

M: testis

Anterior pituitary hormones

FSH, LH, ACH, TSH, PRL, GH

Posterior pituitary hormones

Oxytocin, vasopressin/ADH

FSH

Follicle stimulating hormone; stimulates the secretion of ovarian sex hormones and the development of egg follicles (females), sperm production (males)

LH

Luteinizing hormone; stimulates ovulation (females), testosterone secretion by the testes (males)

ACTH

Adrenocorticotropic hormone; stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids (regulate glucose, protein, and fat metabolism; stress response)

TSH

Thyroid stimulating hormone; stimulates the growth of the thyroid and the secretion of thyroid hormone

PRL

Prolactin; stimulates the mammary glands to synthesize milk (lactate)

GH

Growth hormone; promotes tissue growth

Oxytocin

Uterine contractions, lactation, bonding

Vasopressin/ADH

Increases water retention by the kidneys, reduces urine output, and prevents dehydration

Adrenal cortex layers (in order superior → inferior)

Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

Zona glomerulosa hormones

Mineralocorticoids; aldosterone

Zona fasciculata hormones

Glucocorticoids; cortisol

Zona reticularis hormones

Gonadotropins; testosterone, estrogen

Adrenal medulla hormones

Catecholamines; norepinephrine, epinephrine

Adenohypophysis

Anterior pituitary; glandular tissue

Neurohypophysis

Posterior pituitary; NOT glandular tissue → nervous tissue

Pancreatic alpha cell secretion

Glucagon; highers blood sugar

Pancreatic beta cell secretion

Insulin; lowers blood sugar

Pancreatic delta cell secretion

Somatostatin

Mammal heart histology

Purkinje fiber histology

Cardiac muscle histology

Layers of the heart (3)

• Epicardium

• Myocardium

• Endocardium

Muscle of the atria

Pectinate muscle

Muscle of the ventricles

Trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles (connect to chordae tendineae)

Cells found in the endocardium

Simple squamous epithelium overlying a layer of thin areolar tissue

Muscle cells found in cardiac muscle fibers

Cardiomyocytes

Cells found in the epicardium

Simple squamous epithelium overlying a layer of thin areolar tissue and adipose tissue

Aorta

Pulmonary trunk

Superior vena cava

Inferior vena cava

Pulmonary veins

Right auricle of right atrium

Left auricle

Brachiocephalic trunk

Posterior interventricular sulcus

Anterior interventricular sulcus

Right atrium

Left atrium

Right ventricle

Left ventricle

Interventricular septum

Interatrial septum

Fossa ovalis

Pectinate muscles

Right atrioventricular valve/tricuspid valve

Chordae tendineae

Papillary muscles

Trabeculae carneae

Pulmonary semilunar valve

Pulmonary veins

Left atrioventricular/bicuspid/mitral valve