Uses of Genetic Engineering

What is a patent in biotechnology?

• A legal right given to a company that genetically modifies an organism, preventing others from replicating the invention for a limited time.

Why are eukaryotic cells (like yeast) preferred over prokaryotic cells (bacteria) for producing human proteins?

• Eukaryotic cells possess a Golgi apparatus and specific enzymes required for post-translational modification, which is necessary to produce a functional human protein.

List three advantages of using GM microorganisms to produce medicines.

• Cost-effective: Large volumes can be produced in fermentation vats.

• Reliable supply: Not dependent on animal organ availability.

• Identical to human proteins: Reduces the risk of allergic reactions or rejection.

How does GE compare to traditional selective breeding for food production?

• Desired characteristics are produced faster.

• All offspring contain the trait (no risk of recessive alleles appearing).

• Traits can be sourced from different species or kingdoms (transgenic).

Identify 2 ethical risks of manipulating pathogen genomes.

1. Bioweapons: Creation of dangerous organisms for warfare.

2. Lab Leaks: Risk of health hazards if pathogens escape into the population.

Evaluate the use of insect resistance in crops (e.g., soybeans).

• Pros: Reduced pesticide use; increased yield .
  

• Cons: Toxins may kill non-target insects; potential disruption of the wider ecosystem/food chain.

What is the primary concern regarding Herbicide Resistance in GM crops?

• Overuse of herbicides can reduce biodiversity and lead to the development of "superweeds".

Explain the "Patenting" conflict in GM technology.

• Farmers in developing countries often cannot afford GM seeds or are forced to buy them annually because they cannot save seeds from patented crops.

State the main ethical concern for consumers of GM products.

• Risk of allergic reactions to novel proteins produced in the crops.

How does GM improve food security through "growing conditions" and "nutritional value"?

• Conditions: Crops can survive adverse environments (drought/cold) .

• Nutrition: Increased vitamin levels (e.g., Golden Rice).