upper body injuries

What are the three bones in the shoulder?

1. clavicle (collar bone)

2. scapula (shoulder blade)

3. humerus (upper arm bone)

• together the scapula and clavicle form the shoulder girdle

What are the 4 joints in the shoulder?

1. sternoclavicular (SC) joint

2. acromioclavicular (AC) joint

3. glenohumeral (GH) joint

4. scapulothoracic (ST) joint

What are the basic shoulder movements?

• flexion

• extension

• abduction

• adduction internal (medial) rotation

• external (lateral) rotation

• retraction

• protraction

• elevation

• depression

• upward rotation

What are the two extrinsic muscles?

• the deltoid

• trapezius and latissimus dorsi (traps & lats)

What are the three intrinsic muscles?

• rotator cuff

• rhomboids

• levator scapulae

What are the types of swimmer’s shoulder?

• shoulder impingement syndrome

• rotator cuff tendinitis

• shoulder bursitis

• SLAP tear (superior labrum anterior to posterior)

• rotator cuff tear

• pinched nerves

What is shoulder impingement syndrome?

pain that happens when bones of the shoulder blade (scapula) pinch or rub against the rotator cuff

What is rotator cuff tendinitis?

irritation and inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles in the area underlying the acromion; also known as “pitcher’s shoulder”

What is shoulder bursitis?

inflation of the bursas located between the rotator cuff tendons and acromion

What is a SLAP tear (superior labrum anterior to posterior)?

injury to the layer of cartilage that protects and stabilizes the shoulder joint

What is a rotator cuff tear?

a partial or complete tear of a tendon or muscle of the rotator cuff

What are pinched nerves?

happens when tissues around a nerve traps it or puts too much pressure on it, making it send pain signals to the brain

What are the red flags for shoulder injuries?

• thoracic outlet syndrome

• any fracture

• any dislocation or subluxation

• injuries if the growth plate

• sprains 2nd degree or greater

• strains 2nd degree or greater

What are the three bones in the elbow?

1. humerus (upper arm bone)

2. radius (forearm bone)

3. ulna (forearm bone)

• the ulna is the most medial (side of the little finger) and is also the largest

What are the three joints in the elbow?

1. humeroulnar joint

2. huweroradical joint

3. proximal radioulnar joints

What are the five functional movements of the elbow?

• extension

• flexion

• supination

• pronation

What are the two main muscles in the elbow?

• tricep muscles

• bicep muscles

What are the acute elbow injuries

• elbow fracture

• elbow sprain

• elbow dislocation

• biceps or triceps tendon rupture

What is an elbow fracture?

a break involving any of the three arm bones that work together to form the elbow joint

What is an elbow sprain?

stretching or tearing of elbow ligaments

What is an elbow dislocation?

it occurs when the humerus is separated by force from where it articulates with the ulna and/ or radius

What is a bicep or tricep tendon rupture?

a complete. tear of either one of the biceps or triceps tendons

What is tennis elbow?

technical name: lateral epicondylis

• epicondylis: inflamation in the flexor or extensor muscle tendons

• lateral epicondylis: inflammation on the outer part of the elbow

it is considered a form of tendinitis, affecting the common extensor muscles and tendons

cause of injury:

• overuse of the muscle attached to the elbow; repetitive stress of the extensor muscles and tendons of the forearm; direct injury to the elbow

(outside of elbow)

What is golfer’s elbow?

technical name: medial epicondylis

• epicondylis: inflammation in the flexor or extensor muscle tendons

• medial epicondylis: inflammation on the inner part of the elbow

it is considered a form of tendinitis, affecting the common flexor muscles and tendons

cause of injury:

• overuse of the muscles attached to the elbow; repetitive stress of the extensor muscles and tendons of the forearm; direct injury to the elbow; repeated stress placed on the arm during the acceleration phase of the throwing motion

(inside of the elbow)

What is elbow. (olecranon) bursitis?

caused by:

• a hard blow to the tip of the elbow, causing the bursa to swell into excess fluid; leaning on the elbow tip for extended periods; injury that breaks the skin; causing infection of the bursa

What are the red flags for elbow injuries?

• loss of function in the elbow

• loss of sensation

• deformities

• lack of circulation in the hand after an elbow injury