Combined Science Master Revision Complete Exam Prep Cheat Sheet

A comprehensive set of flashcards for review covering key concepts from Biology, Chemistry, and Physics.

Palisade Mesophyll

Tall, packed cells at the top of the leaf that contain the most chloroplasts for maximum light absorption.

Spongy Mesophyll

Layer of tissue in leaves with large air spaces that allow gases (CO₂ and O₂) to diffuse easily.

Stomata

Small openings on the bottom of the leaf that allow gas exchange and are controlled by guard cells.

Transpiration

The evaporation of water from leaves that helps pull water through the Xylem.

Potometer

A device used to measure the rate of water uptake by a plant.

Balanced Diet

A diet that includes carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water.

Peristalsis

The process stimulated by fiber that prevents constipation by moving food through the digestive system.

Red Blood Cells

Cells that are biconcave, have no nucleus, and carry hemoglobin and oxygen.

Sublimation

The process where a solid turns directly into a gas.

Kinetic Energy

Energy possessed by an object due to its motion, which increases with temperature.

pH Scale

A scale that measures acidity or alkalinity, ranging from 1 (acidic) to 14 (alkaline), with 7 being neutral.

Group 1 (Alkali Metals)

Elements in the periodic table whose reactivity increases down the group.

Group 7 (Halogens)

Elements in the periodic table whose reactivity decreases down the group.

Squeaky Pop Test

A test for hydrogen gas where a lighted splint makes a popping sound.

Glowing Splint Test

A test for oxygen gas where a glowing splint will relight.

Bromine Water Test

A test for alkenes where orange bromine water turns colorless.

Convection

The transfer of heat by the movement of air; cold air sinks while warm air rises.

Insulation

Material used to reduce the rate of heat gain or loss from an environment.

Electricity Formula

The formula V = I × R relates voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R).

Total Cost of Electricity

Calculated as total kWh consumed multiplied by the price per unit.

Longitudinal Wave

A wave where the particle movement is parallel to the direction of the wave (e.g., sound).

Transverse Wave

A wave where the particle movement is perpendicular to the direction of the wave (e.g., light).

Radioactivity

The emission of particles and energy from unstable atomic nuclei, classified as alpha, beta, or gamma radiation.