RT205 - PreFinals: Drug Types 4 Revised (HYPERTENSION)

Blood Pressure

Measure of the force exerted by the blood on the arterial walls during contraction and relaxation of the heart.

Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)

A hormone system that regulates blood pressure, blood volume, and fluid balance.

Renin

Enzyme released by kidneys, acts on a protein from the liver called angiotensinogen, converting it into angiotensin I.

Angiotensin I

It is converted into angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE) mainly in the lungs.

Angiotensin II

The key active substance that causes vasoconstriction, stimulates aldosterone release and ADH release, while increasing thirst.

Aldosterone

Acts on kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water while excreting potassium.

Systolic Blood Pressure

Measures the pressure when the heart ejects blood. Cardiac output is a major determinant. (mmHg)

Diastolic Blood Pressure

Related to the volume of venous blood return. (mmHg)

<120 and <80

Normal blood pressure range.

120-129 and <80

Elevated blood pressure range.

130-139 and 80-89

High blood pressure stage 1.

140or higher and 90 or higher

High blood pressure stage 2.

180> and 120>

Hypertensive crisis (go to hospital).

Genetics and Family History

Diet and Salt Consumption

Physical Inactivity

Stress and Sleep problems

What are the causes and risk factors of hypertension?

Frequent Headaches

Dizziness or Lightheadedness

Blurred or Double Vision

Shortness of breath or chest discomfort

What are the common symptoms of hypertension?

Heart Disease and Heart Attack

Stroke and Brain Damage

Kidney Damage

Vision Problems

What are the potential complications of hypertension?

Angiotensin-Converting Enzymes (ACE) Inhibitors

Drugs that block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, preventing vessel constriction. Used for hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy. Example: Lisinopril

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

Drugs that lower blood pressure by blocking angiotensin II from acting on its receptors.

Beta Blockers

Hinders the effects of epinephrine (adrenaline) by binding to beta receptors on nerves, and slows the heartbeat causing it to pump with less force. Used for hypertension, angina, arrhythmia. Example: Metropolol

a1 = Artery

B1 = 1 Heart

B2 = 2 Lungs

What are the different types of adrenergic receptors?

Calcium Entry/Channel Blockers (CCBs)

Drugs that relax blood vessel walls and improve oxygen delivery to the heart. Used for hypertension, angina, arrhythmia. Example: Amlopidine

Diuretics

Drugs that help eliminate excess salt and water from the body, reducing blood volume. Used for hypertension, heart failure, edema. Example: Hydrochlorothiazide