Blood Components, Hematopoiesis, and Anemia Types: Comprehensive Review

What are the four main components of blood?

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

What is plasma?

The liquid portion of blood containing nutrients, proteins, and waste

What are red blood cells responsible for?

Carrying oxygen

What are white blood cells responsible for?

Immune response

What are platelets responsible for?

Blood clotting

What is hematopoiesis?

The formation of blood cells

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

Bone marrow

Where are red blood cells produced?

Red bone marrow

What regulates RBC production?

Kidneys

What is the lifespan of an RBC?

120 days

What are immature RBCs called?

Reticulocytes

Where are damaged RBCs removed?

Spleen

What is hemoglobin?

Protein that carries oxygen

What happens if hemoglobin is low?

Anemia

What is the shape of RBCs?

Biconcave disc

Do RBCs have a nucleus?

No

What is anemia?

A deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin

What is the most common cause of anemia?

Iron deficiency

What is hypoxia?

Decreased oxygen delivery to tissues

What are common symptoms of anemia?

Fatigue, SOB, pallor, dizziness, tachycardia

What are oral signs of anemia?

Pale mucosa, glossitis, angular cheilitis, ulcers

What is iron deficiency anemia?

Anemia caused by low iron levels

What are causes of iron deficiency anemia?

Poor diet, blood loss, increased demand

What type of RBCs are seen in iron deficiency anemia?

Microcytic, hypochromic

What are long-term signs of iron deficiency anemia?

Brittle hair and spoon-shaped nails

What is thalassemia?

A genetic disorder affecting hemoglobin production

What are the two types of thalassemia?

Alpha and beta

Who is most affected by thalassemia?

Mediterranean, Asian, African populations

What is megaloblastic anemia?

Anemia with large immature RBCs

What causes megaloblastic anemia?

Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency

What is the pathogenesis of megaloblastic anemia?

Impaired DNA synthesis

What neurologic symptoms can occur in B12 deficiency?

Tingling and balance problems

What is sickle cell anemia?

A genetic disorder causing abnormal RBC shape

What is the inheritance pattern of sickle cell disease?

Autosomal recessive

What shape do RBCs take in sickle cell disease?

Sickle-shaped

What happens during a sickle cell crisis?

Blocked blood vessels causing pain

What triggers a sickle cell crisis?

Stress, dehydration, infection

What is aplastic anemia?

Bone marrow failure to produce blood cells

What causes aplastic anemia?

Autoimmune disease, toxins, radiation

What are symptoms of aplastic anemia?

Infections, bleeding, fatigue

What is polycythemia?

Excess red blood cells

What is a major risk of polycythemia?

Blood clots

What are symptoms of polycythemia?

Headache, dizziness, red skin

What is neutropenia?

Low neutrophil count

What is a common cause of neutropenia?

Cancer treatment

What are oral signs of neutropenia?

Ulcers, gingivitis, infections

What is lymphoma?

Cancer of lymphatic tissue

What are the two main types of lymphoma?

Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin

What is Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by?

Reed-Sternberg cells

What are symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma?

Painless lymph nodes, fever, night sweats

What is Non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

Cancer of lymphocytes

What are oral signs of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

Gingival swelling, ulcers, tooth mobility

What is leukemia?

Cancer of blood-forming tissues

What is the Philadelphia chromosome?

Chromosomal abnormality (9 and 22)

What are oral signs of leukemia?

Gingival hyperplasia, petechiae, bleeding

What is multiple myeloma?

Cancer of plasma cells

What is a key radiographic sign of multiple myeloma?

Punched-out lesions

What are symptoms of multiple myeloma?

Bone pain, fatigue, infections

What is hemostasis?

Process to stop bleeding

What are the steps of hemostasis?

Vessel constriction, platelet plug, fibrin clot

What is Hemophilia A caused by?

Factor VIII deficiency

What is Hemophilia B caused by?

Factor IX deficiency

What is Von Willebrand disease caused by?

Von Willebrand factor deficiency

What organs make up the renal system?

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

What are the main functions of the kidneys?

Filter waste and regulate fluids

What is chronic renal disease?

Gradual loss of kidney function

What are common causes of chronic renal disease?

Diabetes, hypertension

What are oral signs of renal disease?

Ammonia breath, xerostomia, ulcers

What are the two types of dialysis?

Hemodialysis and peritoneal

What are kidney stones?

Mineral deposits in kidneys

What causes kidney stones?

Dehydration, diet

What are symptoms of kidney stones?

Severe pain, nausea

What is a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

Infection of urinary system

What is the most common cause of UTI?

E. coli

What are symptoms of UTI?

Burning urination, urgency, cloudy urine

What is hepatitis?

Inflammation of the liver

What causes hepatitis?

Viral infection, alcohol, medications

What is jaundice?

Yellowing of skin and eyes

What are symptoms of hepatitis?

Fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain

What is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)?

Fat buildup in the liver

What are risk factors for NAFLD?

Obesity, diabetes

What is a complication of NAFLD?

Cirrhosis