Muscles, Bones, Heart, Respiratory system

Anterior

In front of the reference point of structure

Posterior

Behind the reference point of structure

Superior

Above the reference point of structure

Inferior

Below the reference point of structure

Medial

Toward the midline of the body

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or origin of a limb or structure.

Distal

Further away from the midline or point of attachment.

Superficial

Located closer to the surface of the body.

Deep

Further away from the surface of a structure

Flexion

Joint angle decreasing

Extension

Joint angle increasing

Abduction

Away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement towards the midline of the body

Rotation

Motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis

Circumduction

The circular movement of a limb

Pronation

In the forearm refers to the turning of the forearm and hand so that the palm is facing down

Supination

In the forearm refers to the turning of the forearm and hand so that the palm is facing up

Dorsi flexion

Movement which decrease the angle between the foot and the leg

Plantar flexion

Movement which increases the angle between the foot and leg

Axial skeleton

Forms the basic central structure to support the remainder of the skeleton

Appendicular

Its major role is to assist with movement and includes the major limbs

Functions of the skeleton

Provides framework to body and gives it shape, is an attachment point for muscles, protects vital organs, responsible for storing essential minerals and produces red blood cells

Excitability

The ability to contract in rresponse to chemical and/or electrical signals

Extensibility

The capacity of a muscle to stretch beyond its normal resting legnth

Contractibility

The ability of a muscle to contract or shorten

Elasticity

The ability of a muscle to return to the original resting length after it has been stretched

Joints

Are formed when 2 or more bones meet and are classified according to the amount of movement that they allow

Fibrous (immoveable)

Allows no movement and its primary function is protection

Cartilaginous (slightly moveable)

Occur where the bone connection is made up of cartilage and allows small movement possible

Synovial (freely moveable)

Most common and are designed to allow movement in at least one direction, cavities between bones are filled with synovial fluid which helps lubricate the bones.

Gliding Joints

Bone surfaces are flat and only a small amount of movement is possible in a linear direction- movement occurs when the surfaces slide across each other

Hinge joints

The convex surface of one bone that fits into the concave surface of another and is similar to the action of a door opening and closing

Pivot Joints

Allows one bone with a ring-like structure to pivot around another creating motion without sideways displacement or bending

Saddle joints

Two bones that fit together the same way as a rider on a saddle

Condyloid joints

The oval-shaped surface of 1 bone fits into the depression of another

Ball and socket joints

The ball of one bone that fits into the cup or socket of another and allows for stable movement

Origin

Is the attachment to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts and is located

Insertion

Attached to the bone which moves when the muscles contracts and as is at the distal end

Agonist

Is the prime mover that contracts and is responsible for movement

Antagonist

The muscle that relaxes to allow for the movement

What is the circulatory system made up of

arteries, veins and capillaries

What are the main roles of Circulatory System

Responsible for collecting metabolic waste from cells and tissues and maintains body temperature

What is the heart

a muscular pump which contracts continuously to drive blood around the body

what are the 4 chambers of the heart

Left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle and right ventricle

How does blood enter the body?

Superior vena cava then into the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, then through the pulmonary valve into the lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta and rest of the body

Systemic circulation

the network of blood vessels that carries oxygen-rich blood from the left side of the heart to all the tissues of the body, and returns oxygen-depleted blood back to the right side of the heart

Pulmonary Circulation

the vital network of blood vessels that carries oxygen-poor blood away from the heart to the lungs, and then returns freshly oxygenated blood back to the heart.

What are arteries

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and have thick muscular walls (low blood pressure)

What are veins

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart through thin walls and has valves (high blood pressure)

Capillaries

Allow for the passing of oxygen to tissues and removal of carbon dioxide

Blood

The fluid that is transported through the pumping action of the heart and is responsible for transporting nutrients oxygen and waste products

What makes up blood?

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

What is Plasma

Clear yellow fluid that carries blood cells continually through capillary walls and into tissues. Provides cells, antibodies, glucose, salts and fats

What is red blood cells

Responsible for carrying oxygen to the cells and the removal of carbon dioxide away from the cells of muscles and organs and give blood its colour

What are white blood cells

Responsible for moving to sites of infection where they destroy bacteria and other disease causing organisms

What are platelets

Produced in the bone marrow and cause the blood to lot when a vessel is damaged to prevent excess bleeding

What are the main functions of the Respiratory System

Deliver oxygen from the atmosphere to the lungs and provides gas exchange within the lungs

What are the 3 main sections

Air passages, lungs and diaphragm

What are functions of the lungs

Facilitate gas exchange by extracting oxygen from air into the bloodstream and eliminating waste carbon dioxide

What are functions of the diaphragm

A dome- shaped muscles that contracts and flattens during inhalation creating a vacuum that draws air into the lungs and relaxing during exhalation

What do alveoli do

Are microscopic air sacs in the lungs that facilitate gas exchange through the massive surface area

What is inhalation

Is the active process of drawing oxygen-rich air from the external environment into the lungs

What is expiration

The process of expelling carbon dioxide from the lungs into the external environment