cell molc lesson 10

how do neurotransmitters uptake

VGluT and ATPase pumps

what proteins and cytoskeleton are important for reserve pool

synapsin and microfilament

what is docking

tethering; Rab-GTP binds the Rab-effector to make sure vesicles stay in active zone 

important molecules for docking

Rab-GTP/Rab-effector

seven steps of the synaptic vesicle cycle

1. neurotransmitter uptake

2. reserve pool

3. docking

4. priming

5. fusion

6. endocytosis

7. recycling

what is priming

formation of 4 helix bundle: vSNARE (synaptobrevin) binds to tSNARE (SNAP25 + syntaxin)

priming important molecules

ATP

what is fusion

synaptic vesicle fuses with presynaptic membrane

important molecules for fusion

synaptotagmin and Ca^2+; synaptotagmin will not trigger fusion until concentration of calcium increases

endocytosis important molecules

clathrin and dynamin

recycling pathway

endocytic pathway, requires clathrin

how does the ATPase pump and VGluT work

ATPase pump uses ATP to pump proton into vesicle so the vesicle pH will decrease, VGluT uses electrochemical gradient of the proton to pump glutamate into the vesicle (H⁺ out → glutamate in)

synapsin function

binds to the vesicles and microfilament, so they stay and don’t go to the active zone

targeted nucleases components

target to DNA (gRNA) and restriction endonuclease activity (Cas-9; also cuts DNA)

nonhomologous ending joining

want to create a mutation, some base pairs are inserted/deleted → causes frame shift mutation  

homology directed repair

correct mutation, need to provide donor DNA