C2-Bonding, Structure and Properties of Matter

what are ions?

charged particles

ionic bonding

S: metal and non metal transfer electrons

C:

metal loses electrons->becomes positively charged ion.

nonmetal gains electrons->becomes negatively charged ion.

opposites attract by electrostatic forces.

ionic compound properties

-High Melting / Boiling points

-When solid it can't conduct electricity

-Dissolve easily in water

covalent bonding

s: non metals share electrons

c:

after bonding, positively charged nuclei are attracted to the shared pair of electrons via very strong electrostatic forces.

(each single covalent bond=another shared electron)

single molecular substance properties

atoms within a molecule are held together by very strong covalent bonds but those molecules are only held weakly together by weak intermolecular forces, so melting and boiling points are low bcs molecules are easily parted

molecules that are bigger have stronger intermolecular forces so more energy is needed to break forces so higher melt boil points

molecular compounds dont conduct electricity because no charge and no free electrons or ions

What is a polymer?

A long chain of repeating units called monomers

(write/display by molecular formula in brackets that repeats with n on outside right bottom corner)

Polymer bonding

strong covalent bonds

Giant covalent structure name and properties

macromolecules

held by strong covalent bonds so high boiling melting points

no charged particles and no electric conduction except for graphite

allotrope

Different structures of the same element in same physical state

3 allotropes of carbon

diamond, graphite, fullerene

diamond bonds and properties

each carbon atom has 4 strong covalent bonds

very high melt boil points

no free electrons, doesnt conduct electricity

graphite bonds and properties

each carbon atom has 3 covalent bonds, so theres one delocalised electron not used in bonding that allows conduction of electricity and thermal energy

sheets of carbon atoms in hexagons

no covalent bonds between layers so theyre free to move over eachother

high melt boil points

what is graphene

A single layer of graphite, one atom thick, making it a 2D compound.

fullerene and properties

carbon molecules shaped as closed tubes or hollow balls made of hexagon pentagon or heptagon shapes

can be used to cage a molecule within, ideal for drug delivery to body

huge surface area, great catalyss or lubricants

buckminsterfullerene

First fullerene discovered, hollow spherical shape C60.

what do fullerenes form?

nanotubes

nanotube properties

high tensile strength, conduct electricity

metallic bonding

metal atoms have delocalised electrons from outer shells as they share the electrons between them all

this makes a giant, regular structure of strong electrostatic forces between the positive metal ions and the shared negative electrons

can conduct electricity because of delocalised electrons

Metal properties

high melt boil points

conduct electricity and heat

most are malleable

alloys are harder than pure

what is an alloy

A mixture of two or more metals

strength of forces of attraction depend on:

material (structure of substance and type of bonds)

temperature

pressure

state symbol s

solid

state symbol l

liquid

state symbol g

gas

state symbol aq

aqueous (dissolved in water)

solid structure

-strong forces of attraction in a fixed, regular arrangement.

-can only vibrate

-density is generally the highest in this state

liquid structure

weak force of attraction (always draw touching) between particles

randomly arranged

free to move past eachother

definitel volume

fits container no definite shape

constantly moving with random motion

gas structure

very weak forces of attraction

free to move

far apart

straight line travels

no definite shape or volume

move with random speeds and random directions

freezing

liquid to solid

melting

solid to liquid

condensing

Gas to liquid

boiling

Liquid to gas

sublimation

solid to gas