Week 2 - Anatomy ( + Textbook Chapter 3)

Human Anatomy

study of the structures that make up the human body and how those structures relate to each other

• helps us understand movement

what is the basic function of: bones, joints, and muscles

• bones - provide structural frame to support and protect

• joints - provide mechanism for movement to occur

• muscles - cross joints and supply power to create movement

Anatomical Position

Universally accepted position as the starting reference point for describing the human body

• standing upright

• facing forward

• arms hanging at the sides

• palms facing forward

• legs feet toes parallel

Sagittal Plane (and Midsagittal plane) and movement

vertical plane divides the body into right and left

• midsagittal plane (or median plane) - sagittal plane that divides the two sides equally

• movement - forward roll, running, cycling

Frontal plane (AKA Coronal Plane) and movement

vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior sections

• movement - side stepping, cartwheel, jumping jack

transverse plane (AKA Horizontal Plane)

divides the body into upper and lower sections

• movement - twist in diving, spin in figure skating or pirouette in ballet

Planes of the body

• nose is medial to ears

• ears are lateral to eyes

• knee is distal to hip

• knee is proximal to toes

• hamstrings are posterior to quad muscles

• abdominal muscles are anterior to back muscles

• ribs are superior to hips

• ankles are inferior to hips

• skin is more superficial than muscles

• organs are deeper than skin

Supine

position of laying on your back

Prone

position of laying on your front

What are the joint movement pairs

• Flexion-Extension

• Abduction-Adduction

• Circumduction-Rotation

• Pronation-Supination

• Inversion-Eversion

• Dorsiflexion-Plantar Flexion

Flexion-Extension

• Flexion - reduces joint angle

  • lifting a weight in a bicep curl

• extension - increases joint angle

  • lowering a weight in a bicep curl

Abduction-Adduction

• abduction - movement away from midline

• adduction - movement towards the midline

Circumduction-Rotation

• Circumduction - circular movement by combining flexion-extension with abduction and adduction

• rotation - bone rotates along its longitudinal axis to create internal or external rotation

Pronation-Supination

describes movement in relation for forearm and hand

• ex. holding a bowl of soup

Inversion-Eversion

describes movement in the ankle relative to the sole of the foot

• inversion - when the sole is turned towards the median plane of the body

• eversion - when its turned award from the median plane

Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion

flexion and extension of the ankle

How many bones make up the axial and appendicular skeleton

206

Axial skeleton

• 80 bones

• composes head, spine, ribs, sternum

• stabilizes body

Appendicular skeleton

• 126 bones

• composes shoulder, pelvis, arms, and legs

• responsible for large portion of movements

Bones

living tissues with blood supply and nerves

• are porous with varying degrees of porosity

  • compact, spongy

• composed of calcium carbonate, phosphate, collagen, and water

Compact (Cortical) Bone

• bone that has low porosity

  • found in long bones (arm and leg bones)

    • required to be stronger to resist greater stress

Spongy (Cancellous) Bone

• Bone that has high porosity with more non-mineralized tissue

  • characteristic honeycomb structure

  • provides more flexibility

  • found in areas where shock absorption and a better ability to change shape are important

Epiphyseal growth plate

remains at the ends of long bones so that growth in length can occur

• this enables an individual to reach a mature height

Characteristics of long bones (Like the femur)

• proximal epiphysis (end)

• diaphysis (shaft)

Epiphyseal Line

when growth ceases, the epiphyseal growth plate ossifies and becomes an epiphyseal line

Periosteum

thin membrane that covers bones (except where they form joints)

Effect of fitness on bone

when bone is subjected to regular, weight bearing or load stimulus, they become denser

• bone responds to the force exerted on it

• when not exposed to regular load, density decreases

• other factors impact bone density including but not limited to:

  • age

  • gender

Bone Shapes

• Long

• Short

• Flat

• Sesamoid

• Irregular

Long Bone Shapes

• Appendicular Skeleton

  • ex. Radius, ulna, humerus, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, metacarpals, phalanges

Short Bone Shapes

• Appendicular Skeleton

  • ex. Carpals, tarsals

Flat Bone Shapes

• protect underlying organs and provide areas for muscle attachment

• Appendicular skeleton

  • ex. Scapula, Clavicle

• Axial Skeleton

  • Ribs, sternum

  • Frontal, Parietal, occipital, mandible

Seismoid Bone Shapes

• shaped like a pea and found in tendons of the knee, hand, and foot

• Appendicular Skeleton

  • Patella

Irregular Bone Shapes

• Axial Skeleton

  • Vertebrae, facial bones of skull

• Appendicular Skeleton

  • Pelvis

Ligaments

fibrous tissues that connect bones

3 types of joints

• Fibrous - don’t move

  • ex. skull

• Cartilaginous - absorb shock, have little mobility

  • ex. intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis

• Synovial - most common, allow greatest amount of movement

  • have a joint cavity with synovial fluid to lubricate and cushion the joint

Joint Capsule

surrounds the joint space and helps provide support

Synovial Membrane

lines the joint capsule

• secretes the lubrication fluid

cartilage

reduces friction between the articulating bone surfaces

• covers the ends of the bones that form synovial joints

Types of synovial joints

• Hinge (Ginglymus)

• Pivot

• Plane (Gliding)

• Condyloid (Knuckle)

• Saddle

• Ball and socket

Hinge (Ginglymus) Synovial Joint

• allows for movement in one plane only

  • ex. elbow, fingers, knee

Pivot Synovial Joint

• one bone rotates around one axis

  • ex. atlantoaxial joint of neck, forearm during pronation-supination

Plane (Gliding) Synovial Joint

• gliding action is the only movement allowed

  • forward-backward, side to side

  • ex. acromioclavicular joint of the shoulder, facet joints of the vertebrae, wrist

Condyloid (Knuckle) Synovial Joint

• flexion-extention, abduction-adduction, circumduction all possible

  • ex. metacarpophalangeal joints (except the thumb)

Saddle Synovial Joint

flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, circumduction all possible

• ex. carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Ball and Socket Synovial Joint

movement in all planes, greatest range of motion of any joint type

• ex. shoulder, hip

types of muscles (and their movement)

• skeletal muscles - voluntary skeletal movement

• smooth muscle - involuntary, slow and uniform, fatigue-resistant

• cardiac muscle - involuntary, intrinsic beat

Skeletal Muscles

• over 600 muscles

• attached to bone

• contraction is responsible for supporting and moving the skeleton

• voluntary skeletal movement

• tendons attach muscle to the bone

• have fascia

How does muscle movement occur

• movement happens when muscles attached to bones contract to move a joint

  • can only happen when a muscle crosses a joint

Smooth Muscle

• forms the walls of blood vessels and body organs

  • like the respiratory tract, iris of the eye, and gastrointestinal tract

• involuntary movement

• slow and uniform

• fatigue-resistant

Cardiac Muscle

provides contractile activity of the heart and has its own intrinsic beat

• involuntary movement

Origin (Proximal attachment)

muscle attachment closer to the center of the body

• attached to more stationary structures of the skeleton

Insertion (Distal attachment)

muscle attachment away from the center of the body

• attached to more mobile structures of skeleton

tendons

fibrous tissues at end of muscles

fascia

fibrous material that surround muscle and other structures for support and protection

Axial Skeleton Components

Skull

• curved flat bones from the calvaria (vault to protect the brain)

• calvaria - frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid bones

• facial bones - nasal, lacrimal (drainage for tears), zygomatic (cheek), maxilla (upper jaw), and mandible (lower jaw)

Concussions

brain injury from violent shaking of the head or impact to the head

• can result from the direct trauma or impact and/or when the brain bounces against the inside of the skull

Application of bones in Sports

• Calvaria bones can be broken with trauma and/or in sports

• concussions

• sport regulating bodies have now put protocols in place to help players and coaches identify signs of concussion

  • and protocols for safe return to play

Vertebral Column Components

• 33 bones

• Cervical C1-C7

  • (C1 = axis) (C2 = atlas)

• Thoracic T1-T12

• Lumbar L1-L5

• Sacrum - found at middle line of the buttocks

• Coccyx - tailbone made of fused vertebrae

• spinal cord (nerves) - run through the vertebrae, through vertebral column

• vertebral column curvature - lordosis and kyphosis

Sternum

midline breastbone and made up of manubrium, sternal body, and xiphoid process

Ribs and Sternum

Protect the heart and lungs

• 12 ribs

  • true ribs - upper 7 rib pairs

    • attached to sternum and vertebrae

  • false ribs - pairs 8-10

    • attach to sternum indirectly

  • floating ribs - pairs 11 and 12

    • don’t attach to sternum

what do bone and costal cartilage in ribs do

allow chest to expand

sternocleidomastoids

allow for head and neck movement

Erector spinae

maintain erect position

• hold ourselves up

4 types of anterior abdominal muscles

• internal obliques

• external obliques

• transverse abdominis

• rectus abdominis - six pack from the tendinous intesections that allows for:

  • trunk flexion

  • side bending

  • forced expiration

Appendicular skeleton components

• Pectoral girdle (chests

• pelvic girdle (hip)

• upper limbs

• lower limbs

Pectoral girdle

includes clavicle and scapula

joints of pectoral girdle

• sternoclavicular joint

• acromioclavicular joint

• glenohumeral joint

muscle groups of appendicular skeleton

• anterior muscle group

• posterior muscle group

• rotator cuff muscle group

• lateral group

Anterior Muscle group of appendicular skeleton

• pectoralis major

• pectoralis minor

• serratus anterior

Posterior Muscle group of appendicular skeleton

• trapezius

• latissimus dorsi

• teres major

• levator scapulae

• rhomboids

Rotator Cuff Muscle Group of appendicular skeleton

• subscapularis

• supraspinatus

• infraspinatus

• teres minor

Lateral Group of Appendicular Skeleton

deltoid

• anterior, middle, and posterior fibres)

Bones of the upper limb

• humerus (arm)

• radius and ulna (forearm)

  • radius is on thumb side and can rotate crossing over the ulna

Joints of Upper Limb

• glenohumeral joint (main joint of the shoulder)

• elbow joint

3 joints of the elbow and their types of movement

• humeroradial joint - flexion-extension

• humeroulnar joint - flexion-extension

• proximal radioulnar joint - pronation-supination

Carpus

the wrist

• formed of 8 carpals (She Likes To Play, Try To Catch Her)

  • scaphoid

  • lunate

  • triquetrum

  • pisiform

  • trapezium

  • trapezoid

  • capitate

  • hamate

Joints of the wrist and hand

• Radiocarpal joint (between radius and carpals)

• carpometacarpal joints

• midcarpal joints

• intercarpal joints

• intermetacarpal joints

• metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints - knucles

• interpalangeal joints

  • Proximal Interphalangeal joint (PIP)

  • Distal interphalangeal joint (DIP)

Anterior compartment of arm muscles

• coracobrachialis

• biceps brachii

• brachialis

Posterior compartment of arm muscles

• triceps brachii

Forearm muscles

• flexor-pronator group

• extensor-supinator group

• brachioradialis

Joints of the pelvic girdle

• pubic symphysis

• sacroiliac joints

Lower limb bones

• femur

• patella

• tibia

• fibula

• tarsals

• metatarsals

• phalanges

Quads (Quadriceps Femoris)

• anterior compartment of legs

• run from femur to tibia and extend the knee

• 4 parts:

  • rectus femoris

  • vastus lateralis

  • vastus medialis

  • vastus intermedius

sartorius

• runs from ilium to tibia

• allows for hip flexion

• abduct the thigh

• cross your legs

medial compartment of leg muscles

Adductor muscles

• Pectineus

• adductor longus

• adductor brevis

• adductor magnis

posterior compartment of leg muscles

flex the knee, extend the hip

• hamstrings - run from ischial tuberosity to fibia/tibia

  • biceps femoris

  • semitendinosus

  • semimembranosus

• glutes - extend the hip

  • gluteus maximus

  • gluteus medius

  • gluteus minimus

Anterior compartment of lower legs

• tibialis anterior - dorsiflexion of ankle

lateral compartment of lower leg muscles

• fibularis longus and fibularis brevis - plantarflexers since they pass behind the lateral malleolus

posterior compartment of lower leg muscles

• calf muscles

  • gastrocnemius

  • soleus

  • plantaris merge into the achilles ton

• act to plantarflex the ankle

  • gastrocnemius cross behind the knee so some knee flexion

• deep group of muscles

  • flexor hallucis longus

  • flexor digitorum longus

  • tibialis posterior

  • popliteus

  • toe flexion

Ligaments of the Kneejoint (tibiofemoral joint)

• Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)

• Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

• medical collateral ligament (MCL)

• ACL and PCL crisscross and provide stability forward and back

Talocrural Joint (ankle)

talus is between the medial and lateral malleolus

Transverse tarsal joint

talus and calcaneus bones

Stress fracture

special type of bone fracture from repeated low-magnitude/low-impact forces

sprain

stretch or tearing of ligaments

• ex. ACL tear

strain

stretch or tearing of muscle or tendon

Separated shoulder

sprain in acromioclavicular joint

tendinitis

acute tendon inflammation

tendinosis

chronic, repetitive strain of the tendon

Jumper’s knee

patellar tendinosis or patellar tendinitis

how to deal with an acute injury?

Follow the PRICE rule