reconstructing and using phylogenies

basal lineage

splits near the bottom of the tree

evolutionary reversals

loss of an arisen trait

to construct a phylogenetic tree

compare an ingroup to an outgroup

maximum parsimony in phylogenetic trees

the simplest tree is the most correct one

maximum likelihood in phylogenetic trees

the tree that best explains the data given previous information

homology

similarity inherited from common ancestor

morphological homologies

structural

developmental homologies

morphological homologies present in embryo

“ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”

ancestral lineage of an organism is seen throughout its fetal development

analogous traits

similar traits evolve independently in different lineages

• similar environment selects for similar traits; convergent evolution

only way to identify and uncover ancestral organisms

fossils

molecular clock

rate of substitutions in a gene over time

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During Strangerthings King Philip Cried Out For Tasty Great Soup

domain, supergroup, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, tribe, genus, species

monophyletic taxa

mrca + all descendents; clade

paraphyletic

missing descendants

polyphyletic

missing ancestor