ENTIRE P/S

Id

Pleasure principle; immediate gratification

Ego

Reality principle; mediates between id and superego

Superego

Moral conscience

Trust vs Mistrust

Infancy (0-1)

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Early childhood (1-3)

Initiative vs Guilt

Preschool years (3-5)

Industry vs Inferiority

School age (6-12)

Identity vs Role Confusion

Adolescence

Intimacy vs Isolation

Young adulthood

Generativity vs Stagnation

Middle adulthood

Integrity vs Despair

Late adulthood

Sensorimotor Stage

0-2 years; object permanence develops

Preoperational Stage

2-7 years; symbolic thinking; egocentrism

Concrete Operational Stage

7-11 years; conservation and logical thinking

Formal Operational Stage

12+ years; abstract reasoning

Preconventional Morality

Based on punishment and reward

Conventional Morality

Based on social approval and rules

Postconventional Morality

Based on universal ethical principles

Role Strain

Stress within one social role

Role Conflict

Stress between multiple social roles

Groupthink

Desire for harmony suppresses critical thinking

Group Polarization

Group discussion strengthens existing beliefs

Social Facilitation

Presence of others improves performance on well-learned tasks

Social Loafing

Reduced effort when working in a group

Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness in a group setting

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Expectation causes behavior that makes expectation come true

Stereotype Threat

Fear of confirming a stereotype impairs performance

Prejudice

Attitude or belief about a group

Discrimination

Action toward a group

Stereotype

Generalized belief about a group

Ethnocentrism

Judging another culture using your own standards

Cultural Relativism

Evaluating a culture within its own context

Assimilation

Incorporating new information into existing schema

Accommodation

Modifying schema to fit new information

Automatic Processing

Unconscious and effortless

Controlled Processing

Conscious and effortful

Availability Heuristic

Judging likelihood by ease of recall

Representativeness Heuristic

Judging likelihood by similarity to prototype

Confirmation Bias

Seeking information that supports existing beliefs

Belief Perseverance

Maintaining beliefs despite contradictory evidence

Fundamental Attribution Error

Overattribute others' behavior to personality rather than situation

Actor-Observer Bias

Attribute own behavior to situation, others' behavior to disposition

Self-Serving Bias

Success = internal factors; failure = external factors

Problem-Focused Coping

Addressing the source of stress

Emotion-Focused Coping

Addressing emotional response to stress

Approach Coping

Directly confronting a stressor

Avoidance Coping

Ignoring or avoiding a stressor

Primary Appraisal

Determining whether a stressor is threatening

Secondary Appraisal

Evaluating ability to cope with stressor

Classical Conditioning

Learning through association between stimuli

Operant Conditioning

Learning through association between behavior and consequence

Associative Learning

Learning through associations between events or behaviors

Observational Learning

Learning by watching others

Latent Learning

Learning without reinforcement

Positive Reinforcement

Add desirable stimulus to increase behavior

Negative Reinforcement

Remove aversive stimulus to increase behavior

Positive Punishment

Add aversive stimulus to decrease behavior

Negative Punishment

Remove desirable stimulus to decrease behavior

Episodic Memory

Memory for personal experiences

Procedural Memory

Memory for skills and tasks

Implicit Memory

Unconscious memory

Explicit Memory

Conscious memory

Proactive Interference

Old information interferes with new learning

Retroactive Interference

New information interferes with old memories

Fluid Intelligence

Problem-solving and reasoning ability

Crystallized Intelligence

Accumulated knowledge and experience

Functionalism

Society functions through interdependent parts maintaining stability

Conflict Theory

Society shaped by competition and inequality

Symbolic Interactionism

Meaning created through social interactions

Social Constructionism

Society creates concepts and categories

Achieved Status

Social position earned through effort

Ascribed Status

Social position assigned at birth

Master Status

Status that dominates identity

Experimental Study

Researcher manipulates independent variable

Observational Study

Researcher observes without manipulation

Cross-Sectional Study

Different groups studied at one point in time

Case Study

In-depth analysis of one individual or group

Confounding Variable

Variable that affects both IV and DV

Reliability

Consistency of measurements

Validity

Accuracy of measurements

Frontal Lobe

Executive function, decision making, personality, voluntary movement

Parietal Lobe

Somatosensory processing and spatial awareness

Temporal Lobe

Hearing, language comprehension, memory

Amygdala

Fear and emotional processing

Hippocampus

Memory formation

Hypothalamus

Homeostasis, hunger, thirst, endocrine regulation

Cerebellum

Balance and coordination

Thalamus

Sensory relay station except smell

Basal Ganglia

Movement initiation and control

Broca's Area

Speech production

Wernicke's Area

Language comprehension

Acetylcholinesterase

Breaks down acetylcholine

Dopamine

Reward, motivation, movement

Serotonin

Mood, sleep, appetite

GABA

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Glutamate

Major excitatory neurotransmitter

Norepinephrine

Alertness and arousal

Fovea

Region of highest visual acuity

Blind Spot

Region lacking photoreceptors

Cochlea

Hearing