Psychology 1300-Exam 3

Intellectual Disability

IQ scores below 70; 2 standard deviations below the mean

Intellectual Giftedness

IQ scores of 130 or above; 2 standard deviations above the mean

Phonemes

a speech sound; the smallest unit of sound. Any letter that you can hear individually

Morphemes

Smallest unit of meaning; prefixes, tense endings, pluralities (s)

How many phonemes does "bat" have?

3

How many phonemes does "knock" have?

3 phonemes

How many phonemes does "go" have?

2

How many morphemes does "unbreakable" have?

3

How many morphemes does "loving" have?

2

How many morphemes does "dogs" have?

2

Sensory memory

Lasts 1 second or less, either iconic or echoic, maintains continuity in environment

Short-term memory

Lasts up to 30 seconds

Long-term memory

Permanent memories, either declarative or non-declarative

Maintenance Rehearsal

Simple repetition, moving information from sensory memory to short term memory stage

Elaborative rehearsal

developing deeper understanding, moving information from short term memory to long term memory

Chunking

Grouping meaningful information together

Context dependent learning

memories formed when in a particular environment or physical surrounding will be remembered better when in the same environment

State- dependent learning

memories formed during a particular physiological or psychological state will be easier to remember when in that same state

Recency effect

Tendency to remember information at the end better than the information at the beginning

Primacy effect

Tendency to remember information at the beginning better compared to information in the middle/whatever follows

Which type of intelligence is shown when playing sports?

bodily kinesthetic

Which type of intelligence is common among artists?

spatial

When to people typically forget the most information after learning it?

In the first 30 minutes to an hour

Sternberg's 3 types of intelligence

Analytical (book smarts), creative (arts, multiple solutions), and practical (street smarts)

What are the 2 types of long term memory?

declarative and non-declarative

What is declarative long term memory?

Consciously retrieved facts

What are the 2 types of declarative memory?

episodic (personal history memories) and semantic (general knowledge memory)

What is non-declarative memory?

unconsciously retrieved memory, usually a task, performance, or habit (riding a bike)

What are the 2 types of sensory memory?

Iconic and Echoic

What is Iconic memory?

visual sensory memory, capacity = everything that can be seen at one time, duration = lasts a fraction of a second

What is echoic memory?

The brief memory of something a person has just heard, capacity = what can be heard at any one moment (smaller than iconic), duration = 2-4 seconds

Functional fixedness

a person's tendency to think of a concept only in its most typical form

Mental set

The tendency for people to persist in using problem solving problems that have been successful in the past

Confirmation bias

The tendency to search for evidence that fits one's beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs

Availability

Ease of remembering

Representativeness

stimuli similar or dissimilar to prototype

Recognition

easier recognition = more value

Affect

based on an emotional "gut" reactions to stimuli

Primary reinforcers

meets a basic biological need (hunger, thirst, touch)

Secondary reinforcers

Becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer (praise, tokens, gold stars)

Positive reinforcement

adding something good, increasing behavior

Negative reinforcement

Taking away something bad, increasing behavior

Punishment by removal

taking away something good, decreasing behavior

Punishment by application

adding something bad, decreasing behavior

Taste aversion

Type of classical conditioning, corn nuts!!!!

Classical conditioning

pairing unconditioned stimulus with a controlled stimulus to get a controlled response

Operant conditioning

a response is followed by a consequence, either good or bad, either increasing or decreasing the likeliness of the behavior to occur again

Token economy

desired behavior rewarded with tokens

Time- out

form of mild punishment, child placed away from the attention of others

Biofeedback

biological conditioning used to bring about involuntary responses such as blood pressure and relaxation under voluntary control

Nurofeedback

form of biofeedback using devices (EEG, fMRI) to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

Non associative learning

Changes in the magnitude of responses to a stimulus; habituation and sensitization

Observation learning (modeling)

learning how to do something by watching someone else do it

Generalization

tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus (Albert w/ other white animals)

Discrimination

learned ability to distinguish between stimuli

Digit span

7 + or -2; 5-9 digits

Decay

a reduction in ability to retrieve rarely used information over time

Interference

competition between remembering newer and older information

Motivated forgetting

purposefully blocking out negative memories

Proactive interference

not being able to remember new information because of older information

Retroactive interference

Not being able to remember old information because of new information

Retrograde amnesia

loss of memory from the past

Anterograde amnesia

inability to form new long-term memories

Infantile amnesia

inability to remember things before the age of 3

5 ways to develop concepts

Definition, common features, overlapping features, prototype, and exemplar

Algorithms

A precise, step by step set of rules that will reliability generate a solution to a problem

Heuristics

shortcut to problem solving "rule of thumb"

IQ formula

MA/CA*100

Prototype

An example of the category by averaging all members of it; most commonly thought of

Exemplar

Any example, does not have to be the most ideal of commonly thought of