exam 3 301 eccb

What kinds of habitats do caryphyllales occur in?

These species are adapted to “stressful” habitats such as desert, arid, salt marshes, tundra, alpine environments.

What are some of their unusual adaptations to these environments?

Some adaptations are succulence, no leaves, C4/CAM photosynthesis, salt excretion, and carnivory.

How does carnivory help plants?

Carnivory helps plants get nitrogen in low N environments by eating plants with nitrogen.

What are the characters shared by the “core Caryophyllales” families?

• N containing pigments

• Free-central placentation

• Curved embryo in ovule

• Pollen shed in trinucleate stage as opposed to 2 nucleate

N containing pigments

Betalains = purple color

Free-central placentation

Basal = fruit capsule, pyxis, utricle

Curved embryo in ovule

Campylotropus

Pollen shed in

trinucleate stage as opposed to 2 nucleate

Carnations, dichasium, cyme, opposite, swollen nodes, capsule fruit

Caryophyllaceae

Amaranth, halophytes, reduced, no corolla, utricle fruit

Amaranthaceae

Cacti, succulents, epiphytes, no leaves, spines/glochids, epigynous flowers, parietal, berry fruit

Cactaceae

Rhubarb, herbs, wet/arid, habitats, alts, swollen nodes, sheath stipules = ochrea, congested flowers, fruit achene

Polygonaceae

nutrient poor soils, haustoria, evergreen, revolute, fused calyx and corolla, terminal pores, buzz pollination, berry/capsule, mycorrhizal associations, parasites(mycotrophs), carnivory

Ericaceae

Haustoria

Root to fungus connection that permits nutrient uptake by plants and carbon uptake by fungus

Mycotrophs

lacking chlorophyll and totally parasitizing the fungus for food, nutrients, and water

insectivorous, peltate stigma, pitcher shape,

Sarraceniaceae

Peltate stigma

shield circular structure to ensure outcrossing by bees

opposite, inferior, long styled, bell shape or strongly zygo, berry,

Caprifoliaceae

schizocarp, umbels, hollow stems, sheathing, female flowers along edge, no corolla tube, 2 carp, aromatic, altcompinf, head

Apiaceae

milky latex, gynostegium, pollinia, pollen presentation style plunger, poison, follicles, contorted periath / corolla, opp,

Apocynaceae

What is the gynostegium?

stamens fuse to each other and to style region to attract pollinators and house pollinia

What are pollinia?

A pollen mass within the gynostegium that has to be pulled up by a large pollinator. attached to corpusculum

What is the corona (hood and crest)?

Showy part of flower where nectar is stored

Be able to describe the “Las Vegas” pollination strategy, its pros/cons

Strategy where a large pollinator has to pull up a pollinia then insert it.

Pro - if it occurs then many ovules are fertilized

Con - it can result in the death of the pollinator and fail, few follicles are produced per plant

contorted (overlap) corolla, interpetiolar stipules, cluster (pseudanthia), epig

Rubiaceae

no iridoid, alt, plicate (pleated) corolla, calyx in fruit

Solanaceae

viney, alt, funnel form, plicte corolla, heart leaf, parasitic, twining habit, 2 large bracts

Convolvulaceae

one seed drupes, bees/beetle, compound leaves, diamond furrowed bark, samara

Oleaceae

bilabiate, 4-2 stamens, gynobasic - style down to base, 4 nutlets

Lamiaceae

serrate, not lip, square, drupe, not gynobasic

Verbenaceae

alt/opp, round/square, hemiparasitic, rosettestyle

Scrophulariaceae

insectivores, wetland, trap/sticky

Lentibulariaceae

hairy, scirpoid cyme, compound monochasium, gynobasic, 4nutlet/drupelike, dimorphic heterostyly (pin thrum) moth

Boraginaceae

arcuate venation, pseudanthium (false flower), big white bracts, opp, simple, inerior, drupe,

Cornaceae

What is pollination?

The transfer of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma, in same plant or between two plants to promote outcrossing and reproduction in plants and is usually aided by animals or wind.

Animal-flowering plant interaction is a classic example of co-evolution. What does this mean?

• Plants evolve elaborate methods to attract animal pollinators

• Animals evolve specialized body parts and behaviors that aid plant pollination

Bisexual flowers

to bring male and female parts closer

Closed carpels

for protection of ovules and seeds

Fusion of carpels

into one pistil - efficient deposition of pollen and movement of pollen tubes down one or few style lobes

Epigyny

protection of ovules from probing animals

Fusion of floral parts

tubular structures for restricting nectar access

Exotic landing platforms, spurs, nectaries, etc

specialization for specific pollinators

Placement of both stamens and carpels in the same flower causes

inbreeding - subsequent selection for outcrossing

Protogyny or protandry

temporal sequence of anthesis or stigma receptivity 1. female phase 2. male phase

Self incompatibility

chemical on surface of pollen and stigma/style that prevent pollen tube germination on the same flower (S allele incompatibility system)

Heterostyly

reciprocal separation of anthers & stigmas

Unisexuality

reversal back to separate sexes in flowers

Pollination Syndromes

morphologically convergent adaptive trends exhibited by the floral features of pollinated plants and, in animal pollination, the mouthpart structure and other flower- interactive features of the pollinators

Passive

1. Wind - anemophily

2. Water - hydrophily

Active

3. Animal - zoophily (ornithophily, entomophily)

Beetle Pollination

• beetle flowers usually have numerous parts

• beetle flowers are pale or dull in color, but with strong odor

• flowers have spicy, fruity, or rotten smell attracting beetles

Fly Pollination

• flowers brownish/purple, often mottled, with fetid odor

• sapromyophily with no reward - flies attracted to flowers to lay eggs

Bee & Wasp Pollination

• flowers are white, blue, yellow - generally not red

• strong UV light patterns

• “nectar guides”

• fragrant (perfumes, pheromones)

• poricidal anthers - buzz pollination

• zygomorphic often - landing platform

• Male insect mates with flowers

Butterfly Pollination

• guided by sight and smell

• butterflies can see red and orange flowers

• usually shaped as a long tube because of insect’s proboscis – to get nectar

• flat inflorescences - butterflies land

longer-lived larval stages

Moth Pollination

• Day-active (diurnal) moths visit flowers similar to that of bees

• Night-active (nocturnal) moths visit flowers that are dusk or night blooming, white or pale yellow, fragrant, and with long tubular structures for long proboscis

• no landing platform - moths hover

Bird Pollination - Ornithophily

• Birds have a good sense of color, they like yellow or red flowers

•but do not have a good sense of smell, so bird-pollinated flowers usually have little odor

• Flowers provide fluid nectar in greater quantities than for insects

• Hummingbird-pollinated flowers usually have long, tubular corolla

• Pollen is large and sticky

Bat Pollination - Chiroptirophily

• Night-blooming (nocturnal)

• White and aromatic

• Robust flowers - bats can cling

• Often hanging below crown - access for sonar

Other Mammal Pollination

• Marsupials, mice, primates - rarer

What is symbiosis?

What are the three types of symbioses and give an example involving plants?

What are the four major types of mycorrhizal fungi?

Which type of mycorrhizal symbiosis is the most common?

Give an example of a generally non-mycorrhizal plant family.

In the example of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, what resource do the fungi generally provide the plant? And the plant the fungi?

About how far back do mycorrhizal symbioses date?

Compare and contrast arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizal fungi. How are they similar? How do they differ?

Know the primary structures of ectomycorrhizal fungi.

Know the three primary types of nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Explain the “oxygen paradox” in the context of nitrogen fixation.

When are mycorrhizal or rhizobial symbioses non-beneficial?

Know the two primary functions of the haustorium.

Give examples of selection pressures that may give rise to parasitism in plants.

Know the three types of parasitic plants when classified by nutritional dependency.

Give three examples of parasitic plants you can find around College Station.

Describe two ways Cuscuta spp. (dodder) bypasses host plant defenses.

How do parasitic plants promote and maintain biodiversity?

Diversity and general characteristics of monocots

Parallel venation and the phyllode theory

Convergence of net venation and fleshy fruits in forest understories

Acoraceae

Araceae

Alismataceae

Potamogetonaceae

Hydrocharitaceae

Lilioids: general characteristics

Liliaceae

Differences between Liliales and Asparagales

Asparagaceae

Amaryllidaceae

Iridaceae

Orchidaceae